1b Depression

Question 1

What are the core symptoms of depression?

Answer 1

Low mood
Anhedonia - lack of enjoyment in things which used to be enjoyable
Anergia - low energy

Question 2

What are the symptoms of depression?

Answer 2

Lack of appetite
Impaired sleep
Mood worse during morning
Low energy
Anhedonia
Poor concentration
Impaired libido
Feelings of guilt

Question 3

what are the cognitive symptoms of depression?

Answer 3

becoming pessimistic about the world, oneself and the future

Question 4

What are the biological symptoms of depression?

Answer 4

Lack of sleep
Lowered libido
Appetite dysfunction - can be lowered or raised

Question 5

What are the components of a mental heath state examination?

Answer 5

Appearance and behaviour
Speech
Mood / Affect
Thought
Perceptions
Cognition
Insight

Question 6

What is psychomotor retardation?

Answer 6

Psychomotor retardation is the slowing down or hampering of your mental or physical activities. You typically see this in the form of slow thinking or slow body movements

Question 7

What might happen to speech in someone with depression?

Answer 7

Monotonous
Quietly spoken and reduced volume
Lacking prosody
Normal / slightly reduced pace of speech

Question 8

What is the difference between mood and affect?

Answer 8

Mood = longitudinal feelings, throughout time
Affect = how you are feeling there and then

Question 9

What are mood congruent psychotic symptoms to determine whether it is psychotic depression?

Answer 9

Nihilistic delusions / delusions of guilt / Cotards syndrome

Question 10

What is Cotards syndrome?

Answer 10

any one of a series of delusions that range from a belief that one has lost organs, blood, or body parts to insisting that one has lost one’s soul or is dead.

Question 11

What is an important differential to consider in older patients who present with cognitive symptoms?

Answer 11

Psuedodementia - can be treated unlike real dementia

Question 12

why is there an important distinction between unipolar and bipolar depression?

Answer 12

Unipolar depression - can use anti-depressants
Bipolar depression - appear to be mostly ineffective in acute bipolar depression and in prophylaxis and can cause acute manic/hypomanic episodes, worsen depressive symptoms over time

Question 13

Which condition is characterised by : pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, lack of empathy, bloated self-image, manipulative and impulsive behaviour?

Answer 13

Anti-Social

Question 14

Which condition is characterised by : pervasive pattern of abrupt mood swings, instability in relationships, self-image, identity, behavior andaffect, often leading to self-harm and impulsivity.

Answer 14

Borderline

Question 15

Which condition is characterised by pervasive pattern ofgrandiosity, need for admiration, and a perceived or real lack of empathy.

Answer 15

Narcisistic

Question 16

What is Schizoid disorder?

Answer 16

lack of interest and detachment from social relationships, apathy, and restricted emotional expression.

Question 17

What is Histrionic Disorder?

Answer 17

: pervasive pattern ofattention-seekingbehaviour and excessive emotions.

Question 18

What are the similarities between Bipolar Affective Disorder and Borderline personality Disorder?

Answer 18

Rapid mood swings
Unstable interpersonal relationships
Impulsive sexual behaviour
Suicidality

Question 19

What are some defining symptoms of Bipolar Affective Disorder?

Answer 19

Episodic
Runs in family; heritability +++
Grandiosity
Mood states typically less affected by environment

Question 20

What are some defining symptoms of Borderline personality disorder?

Answer 20

Mood changes over course of hours/days rather than days/weeks
Poor self image
Fear of abandonment
Feelings of emptiness
Hx of self-harm
Hx of trauma/disrupted attachment

Question 21

What are the similarities between BPAD and Schizophrenia

Answer 21

Hallucinations (present in 50% of mania & 10% of depression)
Cognitive impairment
Depression & Negative Symptoms of schizophrenia (apathy, lack of affect, low energy, and social isolation)
Schizoaffective shares features of both BPAD and schizophrenia

Question 22

What is the key difference between BPAD and schizophrenia?

Answer 22

BPAD - Episodic hallucinations
Schizophrenia - Chronic hallucinations

Question 23

What are the key similarities between ADHD and Bipolar Affective Disorder?

Answer 23

Hyperactivity
Increase impulsivity
Impaired concentration
Impairment of executive function
Abnormal working and short term memory

Question 24

What is the effect of amphetamines of mania?

Answer 24

Worsens mania

Question 25

What is he differences between BPAD and ADHD?

Answer 25

BPAS = familial, hereditability, not necessarily present in childhood

Question 26

What are some endocrine organic causes of depression?

Answer 26

Hyper- and) hypothyroidism, hyper- and hypoparathyroidism, hyper- and hypoadreno-corticism, hypoglycaemia, Cushing’s syndrome, Addison’s disease

Question 27

What deficiencies could cause depression?

Answer 27

Vitamin b12 and folic acid

Question 28

what neurological conditions could be organic causes of depression?

Answer 28

MS, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s

Question 29

What pathology is associated with vascular Depression?

Answer 29

white matter hyperintensities - can impact cognitive function making the individual more vulnerable to stressors

Question 30

What might happen after a stroke, and what symptoms might occur?`

Answer 30

post Stroke Depression
- Retardation in thinking and behaviour

Question 31

Lesions to which brain regions are known to cause depression?

Answer 31

lesions in the left frontal lobe or basal ganglia are apt to cause depression, with the tendency that the more frontal the lesion, the more severe the symptoms