1B

Question 1

Some protocols and standards are _____ _____ and others proprietary to specific companies or corporations

Answer 1

vendor neutral

Question 2

Name a few of the more common layer two applicable protocols and standards.

Answer 2

1. PPP (Point to Point Protocol)
2. STP (Spanning Tree Protocol)
3. IEEE 802.1D
4. Unidirectional Link Detection (UDLD) and Loopguard
5. Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP)
6. Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)
7. IEEE 802.1q and ISL

Question 3

What does PPP stand for?

Answer 3

Point to Point Protocol

Question 4

What does STP stand for?

Answer 4

Spanning Tree Protocol

Question 5

What does UDLD stand for?

Answer 5

Unidirectional Link Detection

Question 6

What does LLDP stand for?

Answer 6

Link Layer Discovery Protocol

Question 7

What does CDP stand for?

Answer 7

Cisco Discovery Protocol

Question 8

Which switching technology protocol does the following apply to?

1. Establishes communication directly between two network devices without relying on any host or networking system.
2. Operates over a point-to-point link—a link connecting two communicating link-level peers, one on each end of the link.
3. It provides transmission encryption, data compression, and authentication features.
4. Switches will utilize the ____ per their requirement to transfer data between nodes on a network. The ___ protocol data link layer sender must be able to take a network-level packet and frame (a.k.a encapsulate) it within the ____data link layer frame such that the receiver will be able to identify the start and end of both the data link frame, and the network layer packet within the frame.

Answer 8

Point to Point Protocol (PPP)

Question 9

Which switching technology protocol does the following apply to?

____ _____ ______, defined by IEEE 802.1D, is a loop-prevention protocol that allows switches to communicate with each other in order to discover physical loops in a network. If a loop is found, the ____ specifies an algorithm that switches can use to create a loop-free logical topology.

Answer 9

The Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)

Question 10

Which switching technology protocol does the following apply to?

This is the Ethernet MAC bridges standard which includes bridging, Spanning Tree Protocol and others. It is standardized by the IEEE 802.1 working group.

Answer 10

IEEE 802.1D

Question 11

What switching technology protocol does the following apply to?

This kind of link occurs when traffic in one of two directions on a link fails. This could be caused by a bad transmitter, a bad receiver, a bad repeater, or a bad cable segment. Only one device on the link will notice a problem. This can cause a backup switch to not hear from its partner, to go into forwarding modem, and to create a switch loop because its partner is still forwarding. _____ causes the switch that is having trouble hearing to shut down the port. ______ causes the port to go into a new state: loop inconsistent state.

Answer 11

Unidirectional Link Detection (UDLD) and Loopguard

Question 12

What switching technology protocol does the following apply to?

_____ is vendor-neutral, and is commonly used as a component for network management purposes and network monitoring applications. ____ is an open IEEE-standard layer 2 protocol. It is a vendor-neutral protocol that runs over the data link layer for heterogeneous networks and allows devices to advertise data and layer-2 configurations to their connected adjacent nodes. ____ stores MAC address, VLAN, IP management address, system names and other details, port details, MDI power, Link aggregation. One advantage of _____ is it that can run on cisco and non-cisco devices, but there is added costs for rTunning LLDP over Cisco Discovery Protocol

Answer 12

Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP)

Question 13

What switching technology protocol does the following apply to?

____ is a Cisco proprietary protocol that supports the IEEE 802.1ab version of LLDP and is primarily used to share information between directly connected Cisco devices

Answer 13

Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)

Question 14

What switching technology protocol does the following apply to?

__________ is a way of encapsulating a VLAN frame that utilizes a space in the standard frame header. ISL also tags the frame but instead of using the frame as it is, ISL adds a new header and trailer to the existing frame. ISL only works with Cisco devices, where __________ works with all major manufacture’s models

Answer 14

IEEE 802.1q

Question 15

What are the three basic and essential functions of a switch?

Answer 15

1. Address Learning
2. Forward/Filter Decision
3. Loop Avoidance

Question 16

The MAC address table is also known as what?

Answer 16

Content Addressable Memory

Question 17

Address Learning Function

To function smoothly and securely, a Layer 2 switch must learn the MAC addresses of all devices that are connected to its _______.

Answer 17

ports

Question 18

Address Learning Function Step 1

The MAC address table (also known as Content Addressable
Memory) is stored in the switches RAM. When the switch is first put into service, the table is ________.

Answer 18

empty

Question 19

Address Learning Function Step 2

When any attached device transmits a frame, the switch takes the _____ ______ and places it in the MAC address table along with the interface ID on which the device is connected.

Answer 19

source address

Question 20

Address Learning Function Step 3

Because the destination hardware address is not listed in the switch’s MAC address table, the frame is _________ out all active interfaces (ports) except the interface from which the frame was received.

Answer 20

flooded (broadcast)

Question 21

Address Learning Function Step 4

When the device answers the flood, the switch adds that devices information (MAC address, and interface ID) to the MAC address table. The switch now has the two MAC addresses in its table. If those two computers now send frames to each other, the switch will make a _____-__-_____ connection and frames destined for those computers will only be forwarded between the two devices. The switch has learned those MAC addresses attached to those interfaces and does not need to flood all interfaces. This process continues until the switch knows all connected devices.

Answer 21

point-to-point

Question 22

The Layer 2 switch also uses the MAC address table to both forward and filter frames received on the switch. This is called…?

Answer 22

Forward/Filter Decision

Question 23

Described below is the process for the Forward/Filter Decision - How does the below information help the Address Learning Function?

When a frame arrives at a switch interface, the destination hardware address is compared to the forward/filter MAC database. If the
destination hardware address is listed in the MAC address table, the frame is only forwarded out the interface identified with the host. The frame is not sent out any other interface. This process is the frame filtering.

Answer 23

This helps to fully utilize bandwidth on all network segments attached to the switch.

Question 24

The final switch function is _____ ______.

Answer 24

loop avoidance

Question 25

Why are loops required?

Answer 25

Switches in a network environment can create a “single point of failure” in the network topology. To overcome a single point of failure, it is a good idea to use multiple links (paths) between switches or use multiple switches. As a result of the multiple links or use of multiple switches, loops are created which can have a crippling effect on network wide operation by endlessly repeating the retransmission of a frame.

Question 26

Loops can cause instability in the switch's MAC address table. This instability can present itself as what three problems?

Answer 26

1. Broadcast storms 2. Multiple frame copies 3. Multiple loops

Question 27

Broadcast storms are also known as what?

Answer 27

Network storm

Question 28

The following describes what problem resulting from looping? Occurs when a network system is overwhelmed by the continuous multicast of broadcast traffic. When different nodes are sending broadcast data over a network link, and the other network devices are rebroadcasting the data back to the network link in response, this process eventually overwhelms the whole network and leads to the failure of network communication.

Answer 28

Broadcast Storms

Question 29

What are some examples of reasons that cause Broadcast Storms?

Answer 29

Poor technology, low port rate switches and improper network configurations.

Question 30

The following describes what problem that results from looping? Another problem is a device can receive multiple copies of the same frame of information because the frame can arrive from different LAN segments at the same time.

Answer 30

Multiple Frame Copies

Question 31

The following describes what? Multiple frames can arrive from multiple segments simultaneously. The result of this is the MAC address filter table becomes confused as to where a device (Server/host X) is located because the switch can receive the frame from more than one link. It is possible that the switch can’t forward a frame because it is constantly updating the MAC filter table with source hardware address locations.

Answer 31

This is called thrashing the MAC table

Question 32

The following describes what problem that results from looping? This means that loops can occur within other loops. If a broadcast storm were to occur, any usable bandwidth would be consumed by the storm and result in the network not able to perform packet switching.

Answer 32

Multiple loops

Question 33

Loops (redundant links) are _________ in a network.

Answer 33

necessary

Question 34

What protocol created a standardized solution for Loop Avoidance? Switches can be configured to avoid loops. _____ standardized a solution to prevent bridging loops in data networks and provide loop-free topologies.

Answer 34

IEEE 802.1D

Question 35

The standardized solution for Loop Avoidance is called _____ _____ ______.

Answer 35

Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)

Question 36

What are the three switching methods?

Answer 36

Store-and-forward, Cut-Through, and Fragment Free

Question 37

The following describes what switching method? ____-_____ switches store the entire frame in internal memory and check the frame for errors before forwarding the frame to its destination. The error check is done through a cyclical redundancy check (CRC), which is a mathematical calculation based on the number of (1s) in the frame. If an error is found, the frame is discarded, and an error message is sent to the sender MAC address for that frame. ___-___ ensures a high level of error-free traffic because bad frames are discarded instead of being sent across the network.

Answer 37

Store-and-forward switching

Question 38

The following describes what switching method? ___-______ switching copies only the destination MAC address into memory. The switch looks up the address in its switching table and places the frame on the outgoing interface. ___-____ switching reduces latency; however, bad frames are forwarded, and the destination will ultimately have to request the source send the frame again.

Answer 38

Cut-through switching

Question 39

The following describes what switching method? ____-____ Switching is a hybrid of Store-and-Forward and Cut-Through switching. ___-____ stores the first 64 bytes before forwarding. If there is fragmentation, the frame is discarded, and an error message is sent to the sender MAC address for that frame. The reason ___-___ only checks the first 64 bytes is because that is where frame fragmentation is most likely to happen.

Answer 39

Fragment-free switching

Question 40

When two system transmissions occur at the same time, on shared bandwidth, the result is a collision. Collisions are a part of Ethernet communications and do not imply any _____ ______.

Answer 40

error condition