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#A2 Chemistry > 1.Amines ,Polymers and chirality > Flashcards

1.Amines ,Polymers and chirality Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an amine?

A

Replace 1+ H on a NH3 with an alkyl chain

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2
Q

Name of CH3CH2NH2

A

ethylamine

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3
Q

Name of (CH3)2NH

A

dimethylamine

or

N-methylmethylamine

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4
Q

name of (CH3CH2)2NCH3

A

diethylmethylamine

or

N,N-diethylmethylamine

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5
Q

What amine are soluble?

A

small ones as they can hydrogen bond.

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6
Q

What are alkylamins? and arylamines

A

alkyl is a straght chain

aryl is on a benzene ring

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7
Q

Synthisis of alkylamines

A

warm a halogenoalkane with EXCESS NH3 in ethanol

is a neucleophilic substitution

CH3CH2Cl+ 2NH3 —> CH3CH2NH2 + NH4CL

in excess so you dont produce tertiary/secondary

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8
Q

How is an amine a base?

A

a native covelant bond forms between the N and the H+ to accept a proton

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9
Q

AMin + acid —>

A

salt

eg methylamine sulphate

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10
Q

Synthisis of arylamine

A
  1. Nitrate benzene . conc HNO3 + H2SO4 below 50 deg
  2. Reduce nitrobenzene with tin+conc HCL under reflux
  3. Nitrobenzene + 6[H] –> phenylamine + 2water
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11
Q

What is an amino acid?

A
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12
Q

What is a peptide?

A

multiple amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

water is lost and the n is bonded to the c from the COOH part.

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13
Q

what is the isoelectric point?

A

The PH at which the amino acid exists as a the zeitterion (overall neutral)

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14
Q

what is a zwitterion?

A

a dipolar ionic form of an amino acid tht is formed by the donation of a hydrogen ion from the carboxyl group to the amino group. has no overall charge

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15
Q

At a ph above the iso electric point the amino acid is…

A

in the form COO-

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16
Q

At a ph below the iso electric point the amino acid is…

A

in the form NH3+

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17
Q

Define structural isomerism?

A

some molecular formula different structual formular

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18
Q

Types of structural isomerism?

A
  1. Chain isomers (branched chain)
  2. Positional isomers (position of functional groups)
  3. Functional group (different functional group , eg keytone/aldehyde. carbo acid/ester)
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19
Q

define sterioisomers

A

same structural formula but with a different arangement of atoms in space

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20
Q

types of sterioisomers

A
  1. geometric (E/Z, cis/trans)
  2. optical (non superimposable mirror images)
21
Q

What is a chiral centre?

A

When a carbon has 4 different groups attached to it its known as a chiral centre

22
Q

a molecule witn n chiral centers has….. optical isomers?

A

2n

23
Q

what denotes a chiral centre?

A

* ont he chiral carbon

24
Q

what is a racemate

A

a 50/50 mixture of both optical isomers

25
Q

what is seperating the optical isomers in a racemate called?

A

resolving

its very difficult

26
Q

how to identify optical isomers?

A

polarise light opposite ways.

27
Q

three reasons its desirable to givbe asingle chiral drug?

A
  1. Dose is reduced
  2. Possible side effects are reduced
  3. Pharmacological activity is improved
28
Q

How can a single optical isomer be created?

A
  1. Chiral pool synthisis- using a single isomer as the starting point.
  2. Chiral catalyst- enzyme/chiral metal complex.
29
Q

Whats different about naturally occuring molecules that could have chiral centres

A

they are only mad eof one optical isomer, as its made by enzymes

30
Q

How to form polyesters?

A
  1. Dicarboxillic acid and Diol
  2. Hydroxy acid (has a OH and a OOH end)
31
Q

How to form polyamides?

A
  1. amino acids
  2. dicarboxilic acid and a diamine
32
Q

Ester link?

A
33
Q

Polyamide link?

A
34
Q

what kind of polymer are polyesters and poly amides?

A

condensation

when formed water is lost

35
Q

Alkaline hydrolysis of a polyamide?

A

aqeuous sodium hydroxide at 100 degrees

  • Carboxilate salt and amine is formed
  • reflux
36
Q

acid hydrolysis of poly amide?

A

water is needed, acid

Carboxilic acid and amine salt

reflux

37
Q

acid hydrolysis for polyester?

A

heat and aqeuous acid

reflux

heat

makes diol and dicarboxilic acid

38
Q

alkali hydrolysis for polyesters

A

aqeuous NaOH

reflux

heat

makes diol and carboxolate salt.

39
Q

number of water molcules mad ein condensation polymerisation

A

(2n-1)

40
Q

Uses of polyesters

A

carpets, clothes, bedding

41
Q

uses of polyamides

A

nylon, kevlar

42
Q

what is a biodegradable polymer?

A

a polymer that breaks down completly into carbon dioxide and water

43
Q

what is a degradable polymer?

A

a polymer that breaks down into smaller fragments when exposed to light, heat or moisure.

44
Q

acid hydrolysis of a peptide?

A

water and acid and reflux

45
Q

alkali hydrolysis of a peptide?

A

100 degrees , aquaus sodium hydroxide reflux

46
Q

What is a condensation polymer?

A

when monomers join together to form a chain and another small molecule eg water is lost.

47
Q

Alkene + water (steam)

A

acid catalyst

Oh on one side of db , H on the other forming 2 isomers.

48
Q

How can a NH2 act as a base

A

lone pair on Nitrogen accepts PRoton/H+ to form dative bond

49
Q

How can amino acids have different isoelectric points?

A

Extra NH2 groups mean the ph of the isoelectric point is higher

Extra COOH groups mean the ph of the isoelectric point is lower

#A2 Chemistry (14 decks)

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