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Anatomy Lecture > 1A Introduction and 1B Integumentary > Flashcards

1A Introduction and 1B Integumentary Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Ana: apart
Tomy: cut

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2
Q

Dissect

A

Dis: apart
Sectare: cut

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3
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cells

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4
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

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5
Q

Gross anatomy

A

Study of structures visible with the naked eye

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6
Q

Surface Anatomy

A

Study of the surface structures

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7
Q

Developmental Anatomy (Embryology)

A

Development of the body prior to birth

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8
Q

Compartive Anatomy

A

Comparing human structure to that of other animals

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9
Q

Radiology

A

Use of radiation to visualize internal body structures

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10
Q

Anatomical Pathology

A

Study of tissue that departs from the normal and thus is DISEASED

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11
Q

Regional

Method of Study

A

According to the natural subdivisions of the body
ex: head, neck, thorax, abdomen

Not what we use

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12
Q

Systemic

Method of Study

A

According to the major body systems, collections of organs that perform related functions
ex: skeletal, muscular, respiratory

What we use

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13
Q

Cardiovascular/Circulatory

A

Structures:

  • Heart
  • Blood Vessels

Function:
-Transports nutrients and oxygen to cells, removes waste molecules that are excreted from the body

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14
Q

Lymphatic

A

Structures:
-Lymphatic vessels, nodes, supporting lymphocytes, and the lymphoid organs

Function:
-Protects body from disease by purifying fluid. Involves white blood cells that produce antibodies

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15
Q

Respiratory

A

Structures:

  • Lungs
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea

Function:
-Conducts air, brings oxygen into the lungs, and takes carbon dioxide out

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16
Q

Digestive

A

Structures:
-Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas

Function:
-Receives food and digests it into nutrient molecules, which enter the cells

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17
Q

Urinary

A

Structures:

  • Kidneys
  • Uterus
  • Bladder
  • Urethra

Function:
-Rids the body of nitrogenous wastes and helps regulate the fluid level and chemical content of the blood

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18
Q

Integumentary

A

Structure:
-Skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, subcutaneous tissue

Function:
-Provides support and protects underlying tissues, helps regulate body temperature, contains receptors

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19
Q

Skeletal

A

Structure:
-Bones of the skeleton

Function:
-Framework, movement of the body

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20
Q

Muscular

A

Structure:
-Muscles

Function:
-Movement of the body

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21
Q

Articular

A

Structure:
-Joints

Function:
-Movement of the body

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22
Q

Nervous

A

Structure:

  • Brain
  • Spinal cords,
  • Nerves

Function:
-Conducts nerve impulses to muscles and glands and receive impulses

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23
Q

Endocrine

A

Structures:

  • Hormones
  • Endocrine glands

Function:
-Secretes chemicals that serve as messengers between body parts, maintains proper functioning of reproductive organs

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24
Q

Reproductive

A

Structure:
- Reproductive organs

Function:
-Reproduction in process of copulation

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25
Q

Anatomical Position

A
  1. Body longitudinal
  2. Upper limbs by side
  3. Eyes directed forward
  4. Palms directed forward
  5. Toes directed forward
26
Q

Median (Midsagittal) Plane

A

-1 vertical plane passing through the ody dividing it into EQUAL RIGHT and LEFT parts

27
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Any vertical plane that parallels the median plane and divides the body into UNEQUAL RIGHT & LEFT parts

28
Q

Frontal (coronal) plane

A

Any vertical plane at a right angle to the median lane that divides the body into FRONT & BACK parts

29
Q

Horizontal (transverse) plane

A

Any plane at a right angle to both the median and frontal planes that divides the body into UPPER & LOWER parts

30
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

Nearer the front

31
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

Nearer the back

32
Q

Superior (cephalic)

A

Nearer the upper (head) end

33
Q

Inferior (caudal)

A

Nearer the lower (tail) end

34
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer the attached end of a limb

*Shoulders are proximal to the elbow

35
Q

Distal

A

Farther away from the attached end of a limb

*Elbow is distal to the shoulder

36
Q

Internal

A

Nearer the center of an ORGAN or cavity

37
Q

External

A

Farther away from the center of an ORGAN or cavity

38
Q

Superficial

A

Nearer the surface of the body

39
Q

Deep

A

Farther away from the surface of the body

40
Q

Supine Position

A

Lying on back, belly upward

41
Q

Prone position

A

Lying on front, back upward

42
Q

Skin

A
  • largest organ in the body

- comprising 15% of the total weight of the body

43
Q

Functions of skin

A
  • Protection of the underlying tissues (barrier to UV light, bacteria, radiation, water)
  • Acts as a site of sensory reception (pain, heat, cold, touch, pressure)
  • Regulation of body temperature (erect hairs, sweat)
  • Salt excretion (sweat) 500mL each day
  • Formation of Vitamin D, which is essential for calcium absorption from the foods we eat
44
Q

Layers of the skin

A
  • Composed of the Epidermis and Dermis

- Both layers lie on an underlying layer: subcutaneous tissue

45
Q

Thickest Skin

A

On the back

*1/2 a cm

46
Q

Thinnest Skin

A

On the eyelid

*1/2 mm

47
Q

Epidermis

A
  • Outermost layer of skin
  • Composed of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
  • It is avascular
  • Contains nerves and nerve endings
  • Have cells in the deepest layer that undergo mitosis and migrate to the outermost layers, where they become desiccated, convert to keratin, and eventually slough off
  • 20% of the thickness of skin
48
Q

Cell birth –> slough

A

30 days

-Thus, epidermis is constantly being replaced

49
Q

Melanocytes

A
  • Deeper layers of epidermis

- Produce the dark pigment melanin

50
Q

Melanin

A

Responsible for skin color

-protects the individual from the harmful effects of UV radiation

51
Q

Epidermis Keratin

A
  • The keratin is very thick on the palms and soles and forms papillary ridges
  • occur in characteristic patterns (fingerprints, toe prints)
52
Q

Dermis

A
  • The layer deep to the epidermis composed of a dense irregular connective tissue
  • Contains both blood vessels and nerves
  • 80% of the thickness of the skin
  • Has many collagen fibers, hair follicles, and sweat glands
53
Q

Subcutaneous Tissue (Hypodermis)

A
  • Lies deep to the dermis and is made of loose connective tissue with adipose (fat) cells
  • Blood vessels and nerves course through it on the way to the dermis
54
Q

Adipose tissue

A
  • In Subcutaneous Tissue
  • More abundant in females than in males
  • Provides insulation, conserves body temperature, and acts as a shock absorber
55
Q

Hair follicles

A

Derived from the epidermis and growing down into the dermis and subcutaneous tissue

  1. They contain hairs, which rom by papillae undergoing mitosis
  2. When a follicle becomes inactive, the hair it produces becomes lost
56
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A

Oil-producing glands that result from disintegration of some gland cells

  1. A duct passes the oily secretion, called sebum into the neck of the hair follicle
57
Q

Arrector Pilorus Muscles

A

Smooth muscles attached to the hair follicle and the dermal-epidermal junction

  1. Contraction due to cold weather causes the hairs to stand erect and traps a layer of air within the hairs, which acts as an insulator to keep heat inside the body
58
Q

Sweat glands

A

Have their secretion part in the dermis and their ducts passing through the epidermis to open at PORES on the skin surface

59
Q

Sweat

A

Water and salt and cools the body as it evaporates

60
Q

Nails

A

Protective structures of hard keratin located at the tops of fingers and toes

Anatomy Lecture (10 decks)

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