1A Chemistry For Biologist Flashcards
Anion
A negative ion
Cation
A postive ion
Ionic Bonds
Bonds formed when atoms give or receive electrons; they results in charged particles called ions
Covalent Bonds
Bonds formed when atoms share electrons; covalent molecules may be polar if the electrons are not shared equally
Dipole
The separation of charge in a molecule when the electrons in covalent bonds are not evenly shared
Polar Molecule
A molecule contain containing a dipole
Dissociation
Splitting of a molecule into smaller molecules, atoms, or ions, especially by a reversible process
Hydrogen Bonds
Weak electrostatic intermolecular bonds formed between polar molecules containing at least one hydrogen atom
Monomer
A small molecule that is a single unit of a larger molecule called a polymer
Polymer
A long-chain molecule made up of many smaller, repeating monomer units joined together by chemical bonds
Macromolecule
A very large molecule often formed by polymerisation
Starch
A long chains of monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds
Sucrose
A sweet tasting disaccharide form by glucose and fructose by a 1,4-glycosidic bonds
Glucose
A hexose sugar
Monosaccharide
A single sugar monomer
Disaccharide
A sugar made up of two monosaccharide unit joined by a glycosidic bonds
Polysaccharide
A polymer consisting of long chains of monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds
Triose sugar
A sugar with 3 carbon atoms
Pentose sugar
A sugar with 5 carbon atoms
Deoxyribose
A pentose sugar that is part of the structure of DNA
DNA
A nucleic acid that is genetic material in many organisms
RNA
A nucleic acid which is the genetic material in some organisms and is involved in protein synthesis
Hexose sugar
Sugar with six carbon atoms
Isomers
Molecules that have the same chemical formula, but different molecular structures
Condensation reaction
A reaction which a molecule of water is removed from the reacting molecules as a bond is formed between them
Glycosidic bond
A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides in a condensation reaction, which can be broken down by a hydrolysis reaction to release the monosaccharide units
Reducing sugars
Sugars that react with blue Benedict’s solution and reduce the copper(II) ions to copper(I) ions giving an orangey-red precipitate.
Non-reducing sugars
Sugars that do not react with Benedict’s solution
Oligosaccharides
Molecules with between 3 and 10 monosaccharide units
Hydrolysis
A reaction in which bonds are broken by the addition of a molecule of water
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate, the molecule that acts as a universal energy supply molecule in all cells
End products
The final products of a chemical reaction
Amylose
A complex carbohydrate containing only alpha glucose monomers joined together by 1,4-glycosidic bonds so the molecules form long unbranched chains
Amylopectin
A complex carbohydrate containing alpha glucose monomers joined together by 1,4-glycosidic bonds with many 1,6-glycosidic bonds, giving it many side branches
Lipids
A large family of organic molecules that are important in cell membranes and as an energy store in many organisms; they include triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids
Fatty acids
Organic acids with a long hydrocarbon chain
Glycerol
Propane-1, 2, 3-triol, an important component of triglycerides
Ester bonds
Bonds formed in a condensation reaction between the carboxyl group (-COOH) of a fatty acid and one of the hydroxyl groups (-OH) of glycerol
Saturated fatty acid
A fatty acid in which the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain have one or more double covalent bond
Monounsaturated fatty acid
A fatty acid with only one double covalent bond between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
A fatty acid with two or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain
Esterification
The process by which ester bonds are made
Haemoglobin
A red pigment that carries oxygen and gives the erythrocytes their colour
Amino acids
The building blocks of proteins consisting of an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH) attached to a carbo atom and an R group that varies between amino acids
Peptide bond
The bond formed by condensation reactions between amino acids
Dipeptide
Two amino acids joined by peptide bonds
Polypeptide
A long chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
Disulphides bond
A strong covalent produced by an oxidation reaction between sulfur groups in cysteine or methionine molecules, which are close together in the structure of a polypeptide
Fibrous proteins
Proteins that have long, parallel polypeptide chains with occasional cross-linkages that produce fibres; little tertiary structure
Denaturation
The loss of 3D shape of a protein
Collagen
A strong fibrous protein with a triple helix structure
Globular proteins
large protein with complex tertiary and sometimes quaternary structures, folded into spherical (globular) shapes
Hydrophobic
A substance that tends to repel water and that will not mix with or dissolve in water
Hydrophilic
A substance with an affinity for water and that will readily mix with or dissolve in water
Colloid
A suspension of molecules that are not fully dissolved protein
Conjugated proteins
Proteins molecules joined with or conjugated to another molecule called prosthetic group
Lipoproteins
Conjugated proteins with a lipid prosthetic group
Glycoproteins
Conjugated proteins with a carbohydrate prosthetic group
Proteases
Protein-digesting enzymes
