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Biology IAS > 1A Chemistry For Biologist > Flashcards

1A Chemistry For Biologist Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Anion

A

A negative ion

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2
Q

Cation

A

A postive ion

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3
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

Bonds formed when atoms give or receive electrons; they results in charged particles called ions

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4
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

Bonds formed when atoms share electrons; covalent molecules may be polar if the electrons are not shared equally

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4
Q

Dipole

A

The separation of charge in a molecule when the electrons in covalent bonds are not evenly shared

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5
Q

Polar Molecule

A

A molecule contain containing a dipole

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6
Q

Dissociation

A

Splitting of a molecule into smaller molecules, atoms, or ions, especially by a reversible process

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7
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

Weak electrostatic intermolecular bonds formed between polar molecules containing at least one hydrogen atom

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8
Q

Monomer

A

A small molecule that is a single unit of a larger molecule called a polymer

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9
Q

Polymer

A

A long-chain molecule made up of many smaller, repeating monomer units joined together by chemical bonds

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10
Q

Macromolecule

A

A very large molecule often formed by polymerisation

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11
Q

Starch

A

A long chains of monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds

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12
Q

Sucrose

A

A sweet tasting disaccharide form by glucose and fructose by a 1,4-glycosidic bonds

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13
Q

Glucose

A

A hexose sugar

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14
Q

Monosaccharide

A

A single sugar monomer

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15
Q

Disaccharide

A

A sugar made up of two monosaccharide unit joined by a glycosidic bonds

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16
Q

Polysaccharide

A

A polymer consisting of long chains of monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds

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17
Q

Triose sugar

A

A sugar with 3 carbon atoms

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18
Q

Pentose sugar

A

A sugar with 5 carbon atoms

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19
Q

Deoxyribose

A

A pentose sugar that is part of the structure of DNA

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20
Q

DNA

A

A nucleic acid that is genetic material in many organisms

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21
Q

RNA

A

A nucleic acid which is the genetic material in some organisms and is involved in protein synthesis

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22
Q

Hexose sugar

A

Sugar with six carbon atoms

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23
Q

Isomers

A

Molecules that have the same chemical formula, but different molecular structures

24
Q

Condensation reaction

A

A reaction which a molecule of water is removed from the reacting molecules as a bond is formed between them

25
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides in a condensation reaction, which can be broken down by a hydrolysis reaction to release the monosaccharide units

25
Q

Reducing sugars

A

Sugars that react with blue Benedict’s solution and reduce the copper(II) ions to copper(I) ions giving an orangey-red precipitate.

26
Q

Non-reducing sugars

A

Sugars that do not react with Benedict’s solution

27
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

Molecules with between 3 and 10 monosaccharide units

28
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A reaction in which bonds are broken by the addition of a molecule of water

29
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate, the molecule that acts as a universal energy supply molecule in all cells

30
Q

End products

A

The final products of a chemical reaction

31
Q

Amylose

A

A complex carbohydrate containing only alpha glucose monomers joined together by 1,4-glycosidic bonds so the molecules form long unbranched chains

32
Q

Amylopectin

A

A complex carbohydrate containing alpha glucose monomers joined together by 1,4-glycosidic bonds with many 1,6-glycosidic bonds, giving it many side branches

33
Q

Lipids

A

A large family of organic molecules that are important in cell membranes and as an energy store in many organisms; they include triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids

34
Q

Fatty acids

A

Organic acids with a long hydrocarbon chain

35
Q

Glycerol

A

Propane-1, 2, 3-triol, an important component of triglycerides

36
Q

Ester bonds

A

Bonds formed in a condensation reaction between the carboxyl group (-COOH) of a fatty acid and one of the hydroxyl groups (-OH) of glycerol

37
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

A fatty acid in which the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain have one or more double covalent bond

38
Q

Monounsaturated fatty acid

A

A fatty acid with only one double covalent bond between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain

39
Q

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

A

A fatty acid with two or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain

40
Q

Esterification

A

The process by which ester bonds are made

41
Q

Haemoglobin

A

A red pigment that carries oxygen and gives the erythrocytes their colour

42
Q

Amino acids

A

The building blocks of proteins consisting of an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH) attached to a carbo atom and an R group that varies between amino acids

43
Q

Peptide bond

A

The bond formed by condensation reactions between amino acids

44
Q

Dipeptide

A

Two amino acids joined by peptide bonds

45
Q

Polypeptide

A

A long chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

46
Q

Disulphides bond

A

A strong covalent produced by an oxidation reaction between sulfur groups in cysteine or methionine molecules, which are close together in the structure of a polypeptide

47
Q

Fibrous proteins

A

Proteins that have long, parallel polypeptide chains with occasional cross-linkages that produce fibres; little tertiary structure

48
Q

Denaturation

A

The loss of 3D shape of a protein

49
Q

Collagen

A

A strong fibrous protein with a triple helix structure

50
Q

Globular proteins

A

large protein with complex tertiary and sometimes quaternary structures, folded into spherical (globular) shapes

51
Q

Hydrophobic

A

A substance that tends to repel water and that will not mix with or dissolve in water

52
Q

Hydrophilic

A

A substance with an affinity for water and that will readily mix with or dissolve in water

53
Q

Colloid

A

A suspension of molecules that are not fully dissolved protein

54
Q

Conjugated proteins

A

Proteins molecules joined with or conjugated to another molecule called prosthetic group

55
Q

Lipoproteins

A

Conjugated proteins with a lipid prosthetic group

56
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Conjugated proteins with a carbohydrate prosthetic group

57
Q

Proteases

A

Protein-digesting enzymes

Biology IAS (12 decks)

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