1A Chemistry For Biologist Flashcards
Anion
A negative ion
Cation
A positive ion
Ionic bond
Bonds formed when atoms give or receive electrons they result in charged particles called ions
Covalent bond
Bonds formed when atoms share electrons ; covalent molecules may be polar if electrons are not shared equally
Dipole
The separation of charge in a molecule when the electrons in covalent bonds are not evenly shared
Polar molecule
A molecule containing a dipole
Dissociation
Splitting of a molecule into smaller molecules , atoms or ions especially by a reversible process
Hydrogen bonds
Weak electrostatic intermolecular bonds formed between polar molecule containing at least one hydrogen atoms
Monomer
A small molecule that is a single unit of larger molecule called a polymer
Polymer
A long chain of molecule made up of many smaller repeating monomers unit joined together by a chemical bonds
Macromolecule
A very large molecule often formed by polymerisation
Starch
A long chain polymer formed of glucose monomers
Sucrose
a sweet tasting disaccharide formed by joining of glucose and fructose by a 1,4-glycosidic bond
Monosaccharides
A single sugar molecule
Disaccharide
A sugar made up of two monosaccharides units joined by glycosidic bond formed in a condensation reaction
Polysaccharide
A polymer consisting of long chain of monosaccharides units joined by glycosidic bond
Triode sugar
A sugar with 3 carbon atoms
Pentode sugar
A sugar with 5 carbon atoms
Ribose
A pentode sugar that is part of structure of RNA
Deoxyribose
A pentode sugar that is a part of the structure of DNA
Deoxyribosnucleic acid (DNA)
Nuclei acid that is the genetic material in many organism
Ribonucleic acid RNA)
A nuclei acid which is the genetic material in some organism and is involved in protein synthesis
Hexose sugar
Sugar with 6 carbon atoms
Isomers
Molecules that have the same chemical formula but different molecular formula
Condensation reaction
A reaction in which a molecule of water is removed from reacting molecules as a bond is formed between them
Glycosidic bond
A covelent bond formed between two monosaccharides in a condensation reaction which can be broken down by hydrolysis reaction to release monosaccharides units
Reducing sugar
Sugar that reacts with blue Benedict solution and reduce copper (ii) ions to copper (I) ions-giving brick red precipitate
Non reducing sugars
Sugars don’t react with Benedict solution
Oliogosaccharides
Molecules with between 3 and 10 monosaccharides units
Hydrolysis
A reaction in which bonds are broken by the addition of a molecule of water
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate the molecule that acts as universal energy supply molecule in all cells
Amylose
A complex carbohydrate containing only alpha glucose monomers joined by 1,4 glycosidic bonds so the molecules form long unbranched chains
Amylopectin
A complex carbohydrate made up of alpha glucose monomers joined by 1,4 glycosidic bonds with some 1,6 glycosidic bonds so the molecules branch repeatedly
Glycogen
A complex carbohydrate with many alpha glucose units joined by 1,4 glycosidic bonds with many 1,6 glycosidic bonds giving it many side branches
Lipids
A large family of organic molecules that are important in cell membrane and as an energy store in many organisms; they include triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids
Fatty acids
Organic acids with a long hydrocarbon chain
Glycerol
Propane- 1,2,3 -triol an important component of triglycerides
Ester bonds
Bonds formed in a condensation reaction between the carbonyl group (-COOH) of a fatty acid and one of the hydroxyl groups (-OH) of glycerol
Saturated fatty acid
a fatty acid in which each carbon atom is joined to the one next to it in the hydrocarbon chain by a single covalent bond
Unsaturated fatty acid
A fatty acid in which the Caron atoms in the hydrocarbon chain have one or more double covalent bonds in them
Monounsaturated fatty acid
A fatty acid with only one double covalent bond between carbon atoms in the hydrogen chain
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
A fatty acid with two or more double covalent bond between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain
Esterification
The process by which ester bonds are made
Haemoglobin
A red pigment that carries oxygen and gives the erythrocytes their colour
Amino acids
The building blocks of protein consisting of an amino group (NH2) and carbonyl group (-COOH) attached to a carbon atom and an R atom that varies between amino acid
Peptide bond
The bond formed by condensation reactions amino acid
Dipeptide
Two amino acid joined by a peptide bond
Polypeptide
Long chain of amino acid joined by peptide bonds
Disulfide bond
A strong covalent bond produced by an oxidation reaction between sulfur groups in cysteine or methionine molecules which are close together which are close together in the structure of a polypeptide
Fibrous protein
Protein that have long parallel polypeptide chains with occasional cross linkage that produce fibres they have little tertiary structure
Denaturation
The loss of the 3D shape of protein (eg caused by changes in temperature or pH)
Collagen
A strong fibrous protein with a triple helix structure
Globular protein
Large protein with complex tertiary and sometimes quaternary structure , folded into spherical (globular) shape
Hydrophobic
A substance that tends to repel water and that will not mix with or dissolve in water
Hydrophilic
A substance with an affinity for water that will readily dissolve in or mix with water
Colloid
A suspension of molecule that are not fully dissolved
Prosthetic group
The molecule incorporated in a conjugated protein
Conjugated protein
Protein molecules joined with or conjugated to another molecule called a prosthetic group
Lipoproteins
Conjugated protein with a lipid prosthetic group
Glycoproteins
Conjugated protein with a carbohydrates prosthetic group
Protease
Protein digesting enzyme
