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BRS 2 Neurology > 1a Central Nervous System > Flashcards

1a Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three sections of the brain called?

A

Forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

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2
Q

What does the diencephelon consist of?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

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3
Q

What are the three compoents of the hind brain?

A

Cerebellum, pons and medulla

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4
Q

What are the four lobes called?

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital

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5
Q

What does the frontal lobe do?

A

Regulates motor function, language and cognitive function

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6
Q

What does the temporal lobe do?

A

Auditory information

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7
Q

What does the parietal lobe do?

A

Sensation, sensory aspects of language and spacial orientation

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8
Q

What does the occipital lobe do?

A

Processes visual information

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9
Q

Label this diagram

A
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10
Q

Where is the insular cortex?

A

Deep within the lateral fissure

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11
Q

What does the insular cortex do?

A

Visceral sensations
Autonomic control and interoception
Auditory processing
Visual vestibular integration

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12
Q

What does the limbic lobe include?

A

The hippocamus, amygdala, mamillary body and cingulate cortex

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13
Q

What is the limbic lobe concerned with?

A

Learning, memory, emotion, motivation and reward

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14
Q

What are the two layers of the dura called?

A

Meningeal and periosteal

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15
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges called?

A

Dura, arachnoid and pia

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16
Q

Which layer of the dura is present in the vertebral column?

A

Meningeal layer

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17
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?

A

The choroid plexus of lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles

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18
Q

What reabsorbs the CSF and into where?

A

Arachnoid villi into superior sagittal sinus

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19
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A group of cell bodies of sensory neurones outside the CNS

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20
Q

At what levels does the spinal cord end?

A

L1/2

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21
Q

Where do spinal nerves C1-7 emerge?

A

Above the corresponding vertebrae

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22
Q

Where do spinal nerves C8 to S5 emerge>

A

Below the corresponding vertebrae

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23
Q

Where does cervical enlargement start and end?

A

Starts at C3 level and ends at T1

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24
Q

What is the point of cervical enlargement between C3 and T1?

A

The cervical enlargement of the spinal cord is the source of the spinal nerves that contribute to the brachial plexus and supply the upper limbs.

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25
Q

Where does the lumbar enlargement occur?

A

Extends between L1 and S2

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26
Q

what is the point of the lumbar enlargement?

A

Contains the spinal nerves which innervate the lower limbs

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27
Q

What do ascending tracts do?

A

Carry sensory information from the body to the CNS

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28
Q

How many cells thick is the pia mater layer of the meninges ?

A

2

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29
Q

Compare CSF to plasma?

A

CSF has a lower pH, less glucose, protein and potassium than plasma

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30
Q

What are the two main ascending pathways called?

A

Dorsal column and spinothalamic tract

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31
Q

What is the dorsal column for?

A

Fine touch, vibration and proprioception

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32
Q

Where does the dorsal column take information from?

A

The skin and joints

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33
Q

What is the spinothalamic tract for?

A

Pain, temperature and crude touch from the skin

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34
Q

What is the main descending pathway called?

A

Corticospinal tract

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35
Q

Which part of the spinothalamic tract is for crude touch?

A

Ventral spinothalamic

36
Q

Where do most of the upper motor neurones originate in the corticospinal tract?

A

primary motor cortex or pre motor frontal areas

37
Q

Where do lateral corticospinal neurones decussate?

A

Most in the medulla (85%)

38
Q

What do lateral corticospinal tract neurones innervate?

A

limbs and digits

39
Q

When do anterior corticospinal neurones decussate?

A

In the spinal cord at the level in which they exit

40
Q

What do anterior ventral corticospinal tract neurones innervate?

A

The trunk, shoulder and neck muscles

41
Q

What is the purpose of the corticobulbar tract?

A

Controls head, neck and spine

42
Q

Which nuclei of cranial nerve are innervated by the corticobulbar tract?

A

5, 7, 9 and 12

43
Q

What percentage of corticobulbar fibres decussate?

A

50%

44
Q

What does the corticobulbar tract synpase with?

A

Motor cranial nerves in the brainstem

45
Q

What are the lower motor neurones of the corticobulbar tract and what do they do?

A

Motor nuclei of the cranial nerves
Carry efferent signals directly to the muscles of the face, head and neck

46
Q

Information from the lower limbs and body travels ipsilaterally along which tract?

A

Gracile

47
Q

Information from the upper limbs and body travels ipsilaterally along which tract?

A

Cuneate

48
Q

Where do the gracile and cuneate tracts decussate?

A

Medulla

49
Q

Where do second order neurones of the spinothalamic tract decussate?

A

they decussate immediately in the spinal cord

50
Q

Where do 2nd and third oder neurones synpase?

A

The thalamus

51
Q

Where do third order neurones from the thalamus project to?

A

The somatosensory cortex

52
Q

After the dorsal pathway has crossed to the other side, what does it form?

A

The contralateral medial lemniscus tract

53
Q

What is the place where first order neurones and second order neurones that come from the lower limbs synpase?

A

Nucleus gracilis

54
Q

What is the place where first order neurones and second order neurones that come from the upper limbs synpase?At

A

nucleus cuneate

55
Q

Where do anterior corticospinal tract neurones decussate?

A

At the level of the spinal cord where they exit

56
Q

Which cranial nerves have their nuclei synapsed with at the midbrain level?

A

3,4,6

57
Q

Which cranial nerves have their nuclei synapsed with at the pons level?

A

5 and 7

58
Q

Which cranial nerves have their nuclei synapsed with at the medulla level?

A

9, 10, 11, 12

59
Q

What medication is given to reduce jerky movements

A

Diazepam

60
Q

Where do fibres enter into the dorsal column pathway from?

A

The dorsal horm

61
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

62
Q

What sulcus is found between the pre-central gyrus and post-central gyrus?

A

Central sulcus

63
Q

Where are the upper and lower motor neurons for the corticospinal tract found?

A

Upper motor neurons - Primary Motor Cortex

Lower motor neurons - Brainstem (medulla) and Spinal Cord

64
Q

What does the vestibulospinal tract do?

A

Provides information about head movement and position and mediates postural adjustments

65
Q

What does the tectospinal tract do?

A

Orientation of the head and neck during eye movements

66
Q

What does the reticulospinal tract do?

A

Control of breathing and emotional motor function

67
Q

What does the rubrospinal tract do?

A

Innervate lower motor neurons of the upper limb

Only becomes functional after injury to corticospinal tract

68
Q

Where would the first synapse be of the cuneate tract?

A

Cuneate nucleus

69
Q

Which part of the spinothalamic tract takes information about crude touch?

A

Ventral spinothalmic tract

70
Q

Outline the pathways of the anterior and lateral spinothalamic tracts

A

Primary afferent axons terminate upon entering the spinal cord

Second order neurons decussate immediately in the spinal cord and form the spinothalamic tract

2nd order neurons terminate in the thalamus

3rd order neurons from the thalamus project to the somatosensory cortex

71
Q

How much CSF is produced at any one time, and in any one day?

A

125ml at any one time and 500ml a day

72
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

In the choroid plexus of the lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricle

73
Q

How many cervical pairs of nerves are there?

A

8 pairs of nerves

74
Q

How many thoracic pairs of nerves are there?

A

12

75
Q

How many lumbar pairs of nerves are there?

A

5

76
Q

How many saccral pairs of nerves are there?

A

5

77
Q

How many coccygeal pairs of nerves are there?

A

1

78
Q

Where do spinal nerves exit from?

A

Intervertebral foramina

79
Q

Where does C8 spinal nerve emerge from?

A

Below the C7 Vertabrae

80
Q

After Spinal nerve C8, Where do the more inferior spinal nerves leave from?

A

Below the corresponding vertabrae eg T4 nerve emerges from below T4

81
Q

Where is the pre-central gyrus found?

A

In front of the central sulcus

82
Q

Where are the lower motor neurones of the corticspinal tract that innervate the head and neck muscles found?

A

In the brain stem

83
Q

Where are the lower motor neurones of the corticospinal tract that innervate the trunk and limb muscles found?

A

In the spinal cord

84
Q

What percentage of upper motor neurones in the corticospinal tract decussate in the medulla?

A

85% as this makes up the lateral corticospinal tract

85
Q

What percentage of upper motor neurones in the corticospinal tract decussate in the spinal cord?

A

15%

86
Q

Where is the insular cortex?

A

Deep within the lateral fissure

BRS 2 Neurology (22 decks)

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