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BRS 2 Neurology > 1a Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

1a Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system (ANS) a subdivision of?

A

The peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

What non-skeletal peripheral functions does the ANS control?

A

Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Internal organs
Skin

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3
Q

What are the 2 afferent neurones of the sensory division, and which of these is part of the ANS?

A

Somatic sensory
Visceral sensory afferent (part of ANS)

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4
Q

What sort of stimuli does the somatic sensory neurone deal with?

A

External sensory stimuli from the periphery
e.g. skeletal muscle responding to walking

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5
Q

What sort of stimuli does the visceral sensory afferent neurone deal with?

A

Internal sensory stimuli

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6
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

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7
Q

What does parasympathetic nervous system deal with?

A

Rest and digest

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8
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system deal with?

A

Fight and flight

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9
Q

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic responses of the eye?

A

Parasympathetic: pupil constriction
Sympathetic: pupil dilation

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10
Q

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic responses of the heart?

A

Para: decreases heart rate and strength of contractions
Symp: increase heart rate and strength of contractions

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11
Q

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic responses of the stomach?

A

Para: increase secretions and motility to increase rate of digestion
Symp: decrease secretions and motility

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12
Q

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic responses of the lungs?

A

Symp: increase breathing rate by dilation
Para: decrease dilation

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13
Q

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic responses of the liver?

A

Sympathetic: increase glucose release
Para: increase bile release

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14
Q

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic responses of the bladder?

A

Sympathetic: relaxation
Para: contraction

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15
Q

Is the control of blood vessels and vasculature under parasympathetic or sympathetic control?

A

Sympathetic

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16
Q

Where do visceral motor nuclei originate?

A

Hypothalamus

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17
Q

What do autonomic neurones consist of?

A

Pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic neurones

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18
Q

In parasympathetic neurones, is the pre-ganglionic fibre longer or shorter than the post-ganglionic fibres?

A

Longer

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19
Q

In the sympathetic neurone, is the pre-ganglionic fibre longer or shorter than the post-ganglionic fibres?

A

Shorter

20
Q

What is the exception to the two neurone arrangement in the autonomic nervous system?

A

The adrenal gland - only has one sympathetic nerve

21
Q

Which synpase releases noradrenaline?

A

The sympathetic post-ganglionic fibres

22
Q

What does the adrenal gland secrete?

A

Adrenaline

23
Q

In parasympathetic neurones, what neurotransmitter is released from the pre and post-ganglionic nerve? and what receptor?

A

Pre-ganglionic: ACh using nicotinic
Post: ACh uring muscarinic

24
Q

In sympathetic neurones, what neurotransmitter is released from the pre and post-ganglionic nerve?

A

Pre: ACh using nicotinic receptors
Post: Noradrenaline using adrenergic receptors

25
Q

What are the three types of neurotransmitter receptors what what type are they?

A

Nicotinic receptors: ACh in pre-ganglionic fibres (both sympathetic and parasympathetic)
Muscarinic receptors: ACh in post-ganglionic of parasympathetic
Adrenergic receptors: Noradrenaline in post-ganglionic of sympathetic

26
Q

How is acetylcholine synthesized?

A

Choline + Acetyl CoA is enzymatically converted using Choline Acetyl transferase

27
Q

What enzyme degrades Acetylcholine?

A

Acetylcholinesterase

28
Q

How is noradrenaline synthesized?

A

Tyrosine → DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase
DOPA → dopamine using DOPA decarboxylase
Dopamine → vesicles with dopamine B hydroxylase → noradrenaline

29
Q

How is adrenaline synthesized?

A

Tyrosine → DOPA using tyrosine hydroxylase
DOPA → dopamine using DOPA decarboxylase
Dopamine → noradrenaline using dopamine B hydroxylase
Noradrenaline → adrenaline using phenylethanol methyl transferase

30
Q

If there is a high blood pressure, how is this information relayed to the relevant visceral motors and which of the PNS and SNS are switched on?

A

Baroreceptors detect increase in pressure
Signal sent to PNS → CNS → PNS → visceral motors
Parasympathetic switched on to reduce blood flow
Sympathetic switched off to prevent further increase in blood flow

31
Q

How does the lungs dilate in accordance with the sympathetic response?

A

The adrenal gland releases adrenaline into the bloodstream which then diffuses to the lungs to stimulate bronchodilation

32
Q

Are there parasympathetic neurons in the lung?

A

Yes, they cause bronchoconstriction via ACh

33
Q

Are there sympathetic neurons in the lung?

A

No

34
Q

Describe how the micturition system prevents urination when the bladder is only half full

A

Increasing bladder pressure triggers sympathetic
The internal sphincter contracts, preventing urination

35
Q

Describe how the micturination system allows urination when the bladder is full

A

High pressure in the bladder leads to the sympathetic control being switched off, and parasympathetic on
Detrusor contracts and internal sphincter relaxes, allowing urine out

36
Q

Which of the sphincter and detrusor is under sympathetic control?

A

Sphincter

37
Q

What affect does the smell of food have?

A

Triggers the parasympathetic system, so the GI tract increases secretion to undergo digestion

38
Q

What is the name of the complex neural network within the gut?

A

Enteric system

39
Q

Which receptors mediate FAST excitatory and inhibitory transmission?

A

Ion channel receptors

40
Q

Where are the muscarinic G-coupled protein receptors found?

A

Post-ganglionic parasympathetic neurones

41
Q

Where are the adrenergic G-coupled protein receptors found?

A

Post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers

42
Q

In the heart, what are the muscarinic and adrenergic receptors responsible for respectively?

A

Muscarinic (para) = decrease rate of contractions
Adrenergic (sym) = increase rate of contractions

43
Q

What happens if you block ACh-esterase?

A

ACh accumulates in synaptic cleft and there is a much more powerful ACh effect

44
Q

Describe the action of adrenaline in the nerve innervating the adrenal gland

A

Action potential causes Ca2+ influx
Exocytosis occurs thus NT released
Adrenaline diffuses into capillaries and is transported to tissues in the blood

45
Q

If you take an opioid, what will happen to your pupils and why?

A

Constrict
Parasympathetic nervous system activated

BRS 2 Neurology (22 decks)

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