1a - Bones of the Upper Extremity

Question 1

What bones consists of the pectoral girdle?

Answer 1

The clavicle and the scapula.

Question 2

Sternal end - Bone, Location, and Interaction(s).

Answer 2

It is on the medial end of the clavicle.

It articulates with the sternum. It also serves as part of the origin of the Pectoralis Major muscle.

Question 3

Acromial end - Bone, Location, and Interaction(s).

Answer 3

It is on the lateral end of the clavicle and articulates with the acromion on the scapula.

Question 4

Describe the bends of the clavicle.

Answer 4

The medial 2/3 is convex anteriorly, while the posterior end is concave anteriorly.

Question 5

Describe the surfaces of the clavicle.

Answer 5

The superior surface is relatively smooth, while the posterior surface has ridges and grooves for ligaments and muscle attachment that are connected to the rib cage and scapula. The Subclavius muscle connects the first rib to the groove in the inferior surface.

Question 6

Trapezoid line and conoid tubercle - Bone, Location, and Interaction(s).

Answer 6

Thick line and tubercle near the acrominal end on the clavicle.
Provides attachment for ligaments that run to the scapula’s coracoid process.

Question 7

Functions of the clavicle (3)

Answer 7

1) Provide attachment for muscles
2) Act as braces for upper limbs (keeps them lateral)
3) Transfer compression forces from upper limbs to axial skeleton

Question 8

Describe the impression on the clavicle.

Answer 8

The impression is near the sternal end of the clavicle. It is the point of attachment of the costoclavicular ligament that attaches onto the first rib.

Question 9

Glenoid cavity - Bone, Location, and Interaction(s).

Answer 9

On the lateral angle of the scapula.

Articulates with the humerus.

Question 10

Coracoid process - Bone, Location, and Interaction(s).

Answer 10

On the superior border of the scapula. It is medial to the glenoid cavity and laterally to the suprascapular notch.
Serves as a point of attachment for the Coracobrachialis and biceps muscles and insertion point for Pectoralis Minor as well as a ligament that connects to the conoid process of the clavicle.

Question 11

Suprascapular notch - Bone, Location, and Interaction(s).

Answer 11

Medial to the coracoid process on the superior border of the scapula. The suprascapular nerve passes through this.

Question 12

Acromion - Bone, Location, and Interaction(s).

Answer 12

Lateral to the coracoid process on the lateral end of the spine of the scapula.
Articulates with the acrominal end of the clavicle.

Question 13

Describe the spine on the scapula.

Answer 13

It is a prominent spine on the posterior surface of the scapula. Laterally ends with the acromion.

Question 14

Describe the fossae on the scapula and the muscles associated with them.

Answer 14

Supraspinous fossa: Above the spine and contains the supraspinatus muscle.
Infraspinous fossa - below the spine and contains the infraspinatus muscle.
Subscapular fossa - On the anterior side of the scapula and contains the subscapularis muscle.

Question 15

Hemispherical head of the Humerus - Location, and Interaction(s).

Answer 15

On the proximal end of the humerus. Articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula.

Question 16

Greater and lesser tubercle - Bone, Location, and Interaction(s).

Answer 16

On the proximal end of the humerus. The greater tubercle is lateral to the lesser tubercle.
These serve as attachment points for rotator cuff muscles. On the greater tubercle, the Supraspinatus inserts superiorly, the Infraspinatus inserts posteriorly, and the Teres Minor inserts inferior to the Infraspinatus. The Subscapularis inserts into the lesser tubercle.
The Pectoralis Major muscle inserts into the greater tubercle. The Teres Major muscle inserts into the crest of the lesser tubercle.

Question 17

Intertubercular sulcus - Bone, Location, and Interaction(s).

Answer 17

Found between the greater and lesser tubercles on the proximal end of the humerus.
Guides a tendon of the biceps muscle onto the supraglenoid tubercle. The floor of the sulcus is also the insertion point for the Latissimus Dorsi muscle.

Question 18

Supraglenoid tubercle - Bone, Location, and Interaction(s).

Answer 18

Found on the superior rim of the glenoid cavity of the scapula.
This is the point of attachment of a tendon of the biceps brachii.

Question 19

Describe the two necks of the humerus.

Answer 19

The anatomical neck is just inferior to the head and is seen as a slight constriction.
The surgical neck is inferior to the tubercles and is the site that is often fractured.

Question 20

Deltoid tuberosity - Bone, Location, and Interaction(s).

Answer 20

Found on the midpoint of the humerus bone on the lateral side.
This is the point of attachment for the deltoid muscle.

Question 21

Radial groove - Bone, Location, and Interaction(s).

Answer 21

Found on the posterior side of the humerus bone.

This groove is where the radial nerve travels down to the hand.

Question 22

Describe the two condyles of the humerus bone.

Answer 22

The two condyles are the trochlea and the capitulum.
The trochlea is the medial condyle and articulates with the ulna. It looks like an hourglass.
The capitulum is the lateral condyle and articulates with the radius. It looks like a sphere.

Question 23

Epicondyles of the humerus - Location, and Interaction(s).

Answer 23

There are two epicondyles - medial and lateral - that flank the condyles of the humerus bone.
These serve as points of attachments for muscles of the forearm.

Question 24

Supracondylar ridges - Bone and Location.

Answer 24

Found above the epicondyles of the humerus bone.

Question 25

Olecranon fossa- Bone, Location, and Interaction(s).

Answer 25

Found on the posterior side of the distal end of the humerus.
Articulates with the olecranon process of the ulna.

Question 26

Coronoid fossa - Bone, Location, and Interaction(s).

Answer 26

Found on the anterior side of the distal end of the humerus. It is medial to the radial fossa.
Articulates with the coronoid process of the ulna.

Question 27

Radial fossa - Bone, Location, and Interaction(s).

Answer 27

Found on the anterior side of the distal end of the humerus. It is lateral to the coronoid fossa.
Articulates with the anterior border of the head of the radius when the forearm is flexed.

Question 28

Describe the radioulnar joints.

Answer 28

Found between the radius and the ulna on the distal and proximal ends where these two bones touch.

Question 29

Describe the interosseous membrane.

Answer 29

The interosseous membrane is a flat ligament that connects the radius and ulna together across the entire length.

Question 30

Olecranon process - Bone, Location, and Interaction(s).

Answer 30

On the proximal end of the ulna.

Articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus bone.

Question 31

Coronoid process - Bone, Location, and Interaction(s).

Answer 31

On the anterior surface of the proximal end of the ulna. Inferior to the trochlear notch.
Articulates with the coronoid process of the humerus bone when flexed.

Question 32

Trochlear notch - Bone, Location, and Interaction(s).

Answer 32

Found on the anterior surface of the proximal end of the ulna. It is between the olecranon and coronoid processes.
It articulates with the trochlea of the humerus bone.

Question 33

Radial notch - Bone, Location, and Interaction(s).

Answer 33

Found on the proximal end of the ulna on the lateral side. It is beside the coronoid process.
It articulates with the head of the radius to form the proximal radioulnar joint.

Question 34

Ulnar styloid process - Bone, Location, and Interaction(s).

Answer 34

On the distal end of the ulna. Found towards the medial side pointing down.
Attachment point of a ligament that runs down to the wrist.

Question 35

Head of the Ulna - Location and Interaction(s).

Answer 35

The head of the ulna is the distal end of the ulna.

It laterally articulates with the ulnar notch in the radius.

Question 36

Head of the Radius - Location and Interaction(s).

Answer 36

Proximal end of the radius.
Medially articulates with the radial notch of the ulna. The superior surface is concave to articulate with the capitulum of the humerus.

Question 37

Radial tuberosity - Bone, Location, and Interaction(s).

Answer 37

Found distal to the head of the radius on the anterior surface.
The biceps muscle attaches to this.

Question 38

Ulnar notch - Bone, Location, and Interaction(s).

Answer 38

Found on the distal end of the radius.

Articulates medially with the ulna and forms the distal radioulnar joint.

Question 39

Radial styloid process - Bone, Location, and Interaction(s).

Answer 39

The most distal point of the radius.

Acts as an anchor for a ligament that runs to the wrist.

Question 40

Describe how the ulna and radius are involved in the structure of the wrist and the movement of the wrist.

Answer 40

Both bones have styloid processes that have ligaments that run into the wrist.
The ulna plays no role in the movement of the wrist nor does it have any interactions with the bones of the wrist.
When the radius rotates, the hand rotates with it. It also articulates with two carpals: the scaphoid and lunate.

Question 41

Describe the bones of the hand (where applicable: categories, numbers, names, subcategories, arrangement).

Answer 41

There are eight carpals in the hand arranged in two rows of four carpals. From lateral to medial, the proximal row bones are named scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform. The distal row bones are named trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate.
There are five metacarpals that make up the palm of the wrist. They are numbered I to V laterally to medially. The base of each metacarpal articulate with adjacent metacarpals.
There are 14 phalanges. Each finger has a distal, middle, and proximal phalange, wheras the thumb only has a distal and proximal phalange.