Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > 1A Biological Molecules > Flashcards

1A Biological Molecules Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are carbohydrates made from?

A

Monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose and galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Carbohydrate condensation reaction products?

A

(Glycosidic Bond ) and water released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Examples of carbohydrate condensation reactions

A

Glucose + fructose -> sucrose

Glucose + galactose -> lactose

2 monosaccharides-> disaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Alpha vs Beta glucose

A

H
OH

OH
H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hydrolysis reaction in carbohydrates

A

Break glycosidic bond by adding water

Polymers into monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Reducing sugars test

A

Heat with Benedicts
Turns brick red

B-r

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Non reducing sugars test

A 
Add dilute hcl
Heat
Neutralise with sodium hydrogen carbonate 
Heat with Benedicts
Turns brick red

B- r

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Starch test

A

Add iodine dissolved in potassium iodide solution

Borneo orange - blues black

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is formed when 2 monosaccharides join by a condensation reaction?

A

Polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Purpose of starch in plants

A
  • main energy store in plants
  • stores excess glucose so when the plant is low the stored starch can get to the glucose . Starch is a mixture of 2 alpha glucose polysaccharides - amylose and amylopectin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Amylose

A

Long unbranched coiled and compact alpha helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Amylopectin

A

Long unbranched side branches allow enzymes to get at glycosidic bonds easier so glucose can be released quicker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Advantages of starch being insoluble

A

Doesn’t affect WO so doesn’t cause water to enter by osmosis which would make them swell- so good for storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Purpose of glycogen in animal cells

A

(Main energy store in animals)
-stores excess glucose as glycogen ( alpha)

  • similar structure to amylopectin except it has more branches so stored glucose can be released more quickly
  • compact - good for storage
  • rapid hydrolysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cellulose

A

Long unbranched chains of beta glucose

Bonded molecules of B forms straight chains

Cellulose chains linked together by hydrogen bonds to form strong fibres called microfibrils

  • strong fibres mean cellulose provides structural support for cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a triglycerides

A

A lipid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Structure of a triglyceride

A 
G
L     —fatty acid 
Y
C
E     — fatty acid
R
O   — fatty acid 
L
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What’s a fatty acid

A

Hydrocarbon chain - hydrophobic so insoluble in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is a triglyceride formed

A

Condensation reaction when 3 fatty acids join to a glycerol when water is released

Ester bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Saturated HC

A

NO double bonds between carbon atoms in the HC chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Unsaturated HC

A

At least ONE double bond between carbon atoms in the HC chain

22
Q

Phospholipid

A

Similar to triglyceride

                         G
                          L —- fatty acid 
                          Y
                         C
                         E —- fatty acid 
                         R
                          O
Phosphate —— L
Group
23
Q

Phospholipid description

A

Found in cell membranes

Fatty acid replaced by phosphate group

Phosphate group is hydrophilic ( attracts water)

Tails are hydrophobic repel water

24
Q

Triglycerides functions

A

Energy store molecules

  1. Long HC tails contain lots of energy which is released when they’ve broken down
  2. Insoluble - doesn’t affect WP and cause water to enter the cell by osmosis making them swell- clump together as insolvable droplets in cells are hydrophobic so face I waters shielding from water with glycerol heads
25
Q

Phospholipid function

A
  • make up bilateral of cell membranes
  • hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails- forming a double layer
  • centre is hydrophobic so water soluble substances can’t pass through easily
26
Q

Emulsion test for lipids

A
  • Shake with ethanol
  • pour into water

-> milky emulsion

27
Q

Proteins are made from long gains of amino acids

A

Monomers = amino acids

Two amino acids joining together = dipeptide

Polypeptide = more than two amino acids

Proteins = more than one polypeptide

28
Q

Amino acid

A 
R
            |
H2N—C—COOH
            |
            H

20 amino acids

29
Q

Polypeptide bonds formation

A

Formed by condensation reactions of amino acids

  • water released
  • peptide bond formed
30
Q

Primary structure

A

Sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chains

31
Q

Secondary Structure

A

Polypeptide chain doesn’t remain flat and straight
- hydrogen bonds form between amino acids in the chain
- coils in a helix
Or
- fold into b pleated sheet

32
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Coiled and folded further .

  • more bonds form:
  • hydrogen
  • ionic bonds
  • disulphides bridges
  • final 3D structure
33
Q

Quaternary Structure

A
  • made of several different polypeptide chains held together by bonds
  • it’s the way they are assembled together
  • final 3D Structure
34
Q

Protein functions

A
  1. Enzymes - spherical due to tight folding of the polypeptide chains. Soluble. Metabolise and synthesise.
  2. Antibodies - are involved in the immune response - 2 light and 2 heavy polypeptide chains. Variable regions.
  3. Transport proteins - channel proteins
  4. Structural proteins - strong - long polypeptide chains lying parallel with cross links - keratin and collagen
35
Q

Biuret test for proteins

A

Add sodium hydroxide
Add copper surface solution

Protein = purple
No protein = blue

36
Q

Enzymes

A
  • Catalysts
  • can affect structures in an organism
  • can be intracellular
  • are proteins
  • have an active site
  • highly specific due to tertiary structure
37
Q

Activation energy

A

Amount of energy that needs to be supplied to the chemicals before the reaction will start

38
Q

Enzymes lowering AE

A
  • make the reaction happen at a lower temp => speeds up ROR

….

39
Q

Lock and key

A

….

40
Q

Induced fit

A

….

41
Q

Enzymes and tertiary structure

A

….

42
Q

Temp and enzymes

A

….

43
Q

pH and enzymes

A

….

44
Q

Conc and enzymes

A

…

45
Q

Substrate conc and enzyme

A

…

46
Q

Competetive inhibition

A

….

47
Q

Non competitive inhibition

A

…

48
Q

Enzyme controlled reactions

A

1

49
Q

2

A

3

50
Q

4

A

5

Biology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions