1_Prelims Flashcards

1
Q

The best approach for investigating the cause of phenomena

A

Experiment

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2
Q

A major objective of this approach is generalizing results from a sample to a larger group of people

A

Survey

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3
Q

Investigators using this approach attempt to gain an in-depth understanding by observing people in their natural settings

A

Qualitative Research

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4
Q

With this approach, the researcher analyzes information produced by others

A

Use of existing data

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5
Q

Scientific inquiry consists of the constant interplay between _____ and data.

A

Theory

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6
Q

Scientist use this form of reasoning when they show how hypotheses follow logically from theory.

A

Deductive logic

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7
Q

A claim about behavior that is not based on the scientific method.

A

Subjective judgement

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8
Q

A relationship among phenomena that is inferred from data

A

Empirical pattern

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9
Q

In this form of reasoning, scientists draw conclusions that go beyond the evidence

A

Inductive logic

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10
Q

Scientific inquiry consists of the constant interplay between ____ and data.

A

theory

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11
Q

A testable relationship that is less abstract than a theory

A

hypothesis

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12
Q

Scientists gain a clear picture of the factors that produce a phenomenon by exercising ______ over the conditions under which they make observations

A

Control

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13
Q

Asks about the meaning and cultural significance of people’s actions

A

Qualitative research question

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14
Q

Measures the strength of the association between two quantitative variables

A

correlation coefficient

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15
Q

Tests of ______ indicate whether an association between variables is likely to have occurred by chance

A

Statistical significance

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16
Q

In Broh’s study of sports participation and grades, a student’s race and sex are examples of this type of variables.

A

antecedent variable

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17
Q

Asks about the relationship between two or more variables

A

quantitative research question

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18
Q

Examples in psychology are individual people, families, schools, nations, and artifacts such as newspapers and books

A

unit of analysis

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19
Q

A variable that the researcher tries to explain or predict

A

dependent variable

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20
Q

It is hypothesized that women drink less than men. Sex is the ____ variable

A

independent variable

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21
Q

One object of research design is to identify and control as many of these variables as possible

A

extraneous variables

22
Q

Directs researchers to consider participants’ welfare by maximizing the benefits and minimizing the possible harms of research

A

beneficence

23
Q

Ethical issue arises when researchers withhold information from participants or when participants are intentionally misinformed about an aspect of the research

24
Q

The benefits and burdens of research should be fairly distributed

25
The *Belmont principle* that underlies the ethical requirement of informed consent
Respect for persons
26
An essential procedure in studies **involving deception** that serves *methodological and educational purposes*
Debriefing
27
Secures research participants’ **right to privacy**
Anonymity
28
When the the harm or discomfort participants may experience in the research is not **greater** than what they may experience in their daily lives
minimal risk
29
In field research, this may be *safeguarded* by using **fictitious names for individuals**, groups, and locations.
confidentiality
30
A **code for maintaining scientific integrity**
APA Ethical principle
31
Evidence that **alternative measures of a concept produce the same results**
Convergent validation
32
Requires a pattern of findings **consistent with theoretical predictions**
Construct validation
33
A form of reliability assessment **applied to scales and indexes**
internal consistency
34
Reliability is *necessary* but not sufficient condition for ___.
Validity
35
Pertains to the question: Does an **operational definition produce consistent results?**
Reliability
36
Measuring the **length of residence** by asking “How many **years** have you lived at your present address?” constitutes ___ levels of measurement.
Ratio
37
Measuring a **person’s social class as lower, working, middle or upper** is an example of ____ level of measurement
Ordinal
38
Variables measured at this level **include gender, race, and religious affiliation**
Nominal
39
The **detailed description** of the procedures used to measure a concept or variable
operationalization
40
**Identifying the dimensions** of a concept is one aspect of ______
conceptualization
41
A psychologist attending a convention are asked as they enter the convention hall **whether they belong to more than one national psychology association**
Convenience sample
42
Its effectiveness depends on the **knowledge and skill of the researcher in selecting cases**
Purposive sampling
43
**Assumes** that the members of the target population **know one another**
Snowball sampling
44
This type of sampling design **may be either proportionate or disproportionate**
Stratified random sampling
45
The main purpose of this probability sampling design is to **reduce the cost of data collection**
multistage cluster sampling
46
**The set of all cases of interest** such as all the students on your campus for a survey done to determine students attitudes toward the campus computing facilities
Population
47
With this process, each case has a **known probability of being included in the sample**
Random sampling
48
**The value decreases as the sample increases**
sample error
49
An operational definition of a population that **provides a basis for drawing a sample**
sampling frame
50
The researcher **plans** to survey all the hospitalized adults in Iloilo city
Target population