1_Prelims Flashcards
The best approach for investigating the cause of phenomena
Experiment
A major objective of this approach is generalizing results from a sample to a larger group of people
Survey
Investigators using this approach attempt to gain an in-depth understanding by observing people in their natural settings
Qualitative Research
With this approach, the researcher analyzes information produced by others
Use of existing data
Scientific inquiry consists of the constant interplay between _____ and data.
Theory
Scientist use this form of reasoning when they show how hypotheses follow logically from theory.
Deductive logic
A claim about behavior that is not based on the scientific method.
Subjective judgement
A relationship among phenomena that is inferred from data
Empirical pattern
In this form of reasoning, scientists draw conclusions that go beyond the evidence
Inductive logic
Scientific inquiry consists of the constant interplay between ____ and data.
theory
A testable relationship that is less abstract than a theory
hypothesis
Scientists gain a clear picture of the factors that produce a phenomenon by exercising ______ over the conditions under which they make observations
Control
Asks about the meaning and cultural significance of people’s actions
Qualitative research question
Measures the strength of the association between two quantitative variables
correlation coefficient
Tests of ______ indicate whether an association between variables is likely to have occurred by chance
Statistical significance
In Broh’s study of sports participation and grades, a student’s race and sex are examples of this type of variables.
antecedent variable
Asks about the relationship between two or more variables
quantitative research question
Examples in psychology are individual people, families, schools, nations, and artifacts such as newspapers and books
unit of analysis
A variable that the researcher tries to explain or predict
dependent variable
It is hypothesized that women drink less than men. Sex is the ____ variable
independent variable
One object of research design is to identify and control as many of these variables as possible
extraneous variables
Directs researchers to consider participants’ welfare by maximizing the benefits and minimizing the possible harms of research
beneficence
Ethical issue arises when researchers withhold information from participants or when participants are intentionally misinformed about an aspect of the research
deception
The benefits and burdens of research should be fairly distributed
justice
The Belmont principle that underlies the ethical requirement of informed consent
Respect for persons
An essential procedure in studies involving deception that serves methodological and educational purposes
Debriefing
Secures research participants’ right to privacy
Anonymity
When the the harm or discomfort participants may experience in the research is not greater than what they may experience in their daily lives
minimal risk
In field research, this may be safeguarded by using fictitious names for individuals, groups, and locations.
confidentiality
A code for maintaining scientific integrity
APA Ethical principle
Evidence that alternative measures of a concept produce the same results
Convergent validation
Requires a pattern of findings consistent with theoretical predictions
Construct validation
A form of reliability assessment applied to scales and indexes
internal consistency
Reliability is necessary but not sufficient condition for ___.
Validity
Pertains to the question: Does an operational definition produce consistent results?
Reliability
Measuring the length of residence by asking “How many years have you lived at your present address?” constitutes ___ levels of measurement.
Ratio
Measuring a person’s social class as lower, working, middle or upper is an example of ____ level of measurement
Ordinal
Variables measured at this level include gender, race, and religious affiliation
Nominal
The detailed description of the procedures used to measure a concept or variable
operationalization
Identifying the dimensions of a concept is one aspect of ______
conceptualization
A psychologist attending a convention are asked as they enter the convention hall whether they belong to more than one national psychology association
Convenience sample
Its effectiveness depends on the knowledge and skill of the researcher in selecting cases
Purposive sampling
Assumes that the members of the target population know one another
Snowball sampling
This type of sampling design may be either proportionate or disproportionate
Stratified random sampling
The main purpose of this probability sampling design is to reduce the cost of data collection
multistage cluster sampling
The set of all cases of interest such as all the students on your campus for a survey done to determine students attitudes toward the campus computing facilities
Population
With this process, each case has a known probability of being included in the sample
Random sampling
The value decreases as the sample increases
sample error
An operational definition of a population that provides a basis for drawing a sample
sampling frame
The researcher plans to survey all the hospitalized adults in Iloilo city
Target population
