1_Prelims

Question 1

The best approach for investigating the cause of phenomena

Answer 1

Experiment

Question 2

A major objective of this approach is generalizing results from a sample to a larger group of people

Answer 2

Survey

Question 3

Investigators using this approach attempt to gain an in-depth understanding by observing people in their natural settings

Answer 3

Qualitative Research

Question 4

With this approach, the researcher analyzes information produced by others

Answer 4

Use of existing data

Question 5

Scientific inquiry consists of the constant interplay between _____ and data.

Answer 5

Theory

Question 6

Scientist use this form of reasoning when they show how hypotheses follow logically from theory.

Answer 6

Deductive logic

Question 7

A claim about behavior that is not based on the scientific method.

Answer 7

Subjective judgement

Question 8

A relationship among phenomena that is inferred from data

Answer 8

Empirical pattern

Question 9

In this form of reasoning, scientists draw conclusions that go beyond the evidence

Answer 9

Inductive logic

Question 10

Scientific inquiry consists of the constant interplay between ____ and data.

Answer 10

theory

Question 11

A testable relationship that is less abstract than a theory

Answer 11

hypothesis

Question 12

Scientists gain a clear picture of the factors that produce a phenomenon by exercising ______ over the conditions under which they make observations

Answer 12

Control

Question 13

Asks about the meaning and cultural significance of people’s actions

Answer 13

Qualitative research question

Question 14

Measures the strength of the association between two quantitative variables

Answer 14

correlation coefficient

Question 15

Tests of ______ indicate whether an association between variables is likely to have occurred by chance

Answer 15

Statistical significance

Question 16

In Broh’s study of sports participation and grades, a student’s race and sex are examples of this type of variables.

Answer 16

antecedent variable

Question 17

Asks about the relationship between two or more variables

Answer 17

quantitative research question

Question 18

Examples in psychology are individual people, families, schools, nations, and artifacts such as newspapers and books

Answer 18

unit of analysis

Question 19

A variable that the researcher tries to explain or predict

Answer 19

dependent variable

Question 20

It is hypothesized that women drink less than men. Sex is the ____ variable

Answer 20

independent variable

Question 21

One object of research design is to identify and control as many of these variables as possible

Answer 21

extraneous variables

Question 22

Directs researchers to consider participants’ welfare by maximizing the benefits and minimizing the possible harms of research

Answer 22

beneficence

Question 23

Ethical issue arises when researchers withhold information from participants or when participants are intentionally misinformed about an aspect of the research

Answer 23

deception

Question 24

The benefits and burdens of research should be fairly distributed

Answer 24

justice

Question 25

The *Belmont principle* that underlies the ethical requirement of informed consent

Answer 25

Respect for persons

Question 26

An essential procedure in studies **involving deception** that serves *methodological and educational purposes*

Answer 26

Debriefing

Question 27

Secures research participants’ **right to privacy**

Answer 27

Anonymity

Question 28

When the the harm or discomfort participants may experience in the research is not **greater** than what they may experience in their daily lives

Answer 28

minimal risk

Question 29

In field research, this may be *safeguarded* by using **fictitious names for individuals**, groups, and locations.

Answer 29

confidentiality

Question 30

A **code for maintaining scientific integrity**

Answer 30

APA Ethical principle

Question 31

Evidence that **alternative measures of a concept produce the same results**

Answer 31

Convergent validation

Question 32

Requires a pattern of findings **consistent with theoretical predictions**

Answer 32

Construct validation

Question 33

A form of reliability assessment **applied to scales and indexes**

Answer 33

internal consistency

Question 34

Reliability is *necessary* but not sufficient condition for ___.

Answer 34

Validity

Question 35

Pertains to the question: Does an **operational definition produce consistent results?**

Answer 35

Reliability

Question 36

Measuring the **length of residence** by asking “How many **years** have you lived at your present address?” constitutes ___ levels of measurement.

Answer 36

Ratio

Question 37

Measuring a **person’s social class as lower, working, middle or upper** is an example of ____ level of measurement

Answer 37

Ordinal

Question 38

Variables measured at this level **include gender, race, and religious affiliation**

Answer 38

Nominal

Question 39

The **detailed description** of the procedures used to measure a concept or variable

Answer 39

operationalization

Question 40

**Identifying the dimensions** of a concept is one aspect of ______

Answer 40

conceptualization

Question 41

A psychologist attending a convention are asked as they enter the convention hall **whether they belong to more than one national psychology association**

Answer 41

Convenience sample

Question 42

Its effectiveness depends on the **knowledge and skill of the researcher in selecting cases**

Answer 42

Purposive sampling

Question 43

**Assumes** that the members of the target population **know one another**

Answer 43

Snowball sampling

Question 44

This type of sampling design **may be either proportionate or disproportionate**

Answer 44

Stratified random sampling

Question 45

The main purpose of this probability sampling design is to **reduce the cost of data collection**

Answer 45

multistage cluster sampling

Question 46

**The set of all cases of interest** such as all the students on your campus for a survey done to determine students attitudes toward the campus computing facilities

Answer 46

Population

Question 47

With this process, each case has a **known probability of being included in the sample**

Answer 47

Random sampling

Question 48

**The value decreases as the sample increases**

Answer 48

sample error

Question 49

An operational definition of a population that **provides a basis for drawing a sample**

Answer 49

sampling frame

Question 50

The researcher **plans** to survey all the hospitalized adults in Iloilo city

Answer 50

Target population