1_Midterms Flashcards
true or false: Control procedures are needed to counteract threats to validity
TRUE
true or false: Every possible control procedure must be included in an experiment if it is to be a valid experiment
False
true or false: Controls are most fully developed at the experimental level of research
true
true or false: External validity concerns the ability to generalize results from a study to a larger population
true
true or false: In a threat to internal validity, it is the dependent variable that is confounded
false
true or false: The threat to external validity is the same as the threat to construct validity
false
true or false: Controls are necessary only at the experimental level of research
false
true or false: When some uncontrolled factor offers an alternative explanation of the results, it is called confidence
false
true or false: Repeating an experiment as nearly as possible to the original is called exact replication
true
true or false: Double-blind procedures will improve external validity
false
true or false: Deception in experimentation is unethical and should never be employed
true
true or false: In psychology, as contrasted with chemistry, subjective measures are preferred in research
false
true or false: Matching procedures are best used when we have a large number of participants
true
true or false: In any experiment, the protection of internal validity is of major importance
true
true or false: Experiments must have at least two levels of independent variable
true
true or false: Descriptive statistics allow the researcher to make inferences about a population based on findings from a sample
false
true or false: A statistic is an index for a characteristic of a sample
true
true or false: The ages of volunteers at a community service center are an example of categorical or nominal data
false
true or false: When researchers state that a finding is statistically significant, they are stating that the researchers rejected the null hypothesis
true
true or false: When indices such as mean or median are calculated from the entire population, they are called statistics
false
true or false: The mode in the following distribution 25, 17, 23, 23, 24, 25, 23 is 17
false
true or false: A negatively skewed distribution is best described when the tail of the distribution tails off the right
true
true or false: The mean and median are commonly used to summarize quantitative data
true
true or false: The median is the most frequent score in the distribution
false
true or false: This is an example of one-directional hypothesis: “Highly motivated people are less likely to be successful than those with low motivation.”
false
true or false: Zip codes of shoppers at an appliance store are an example of categorical data
true
true or false: Extreme scores heavily influence the median score
false
true or false: A skewed distribution is asymmetrical
true
true or false: A parameter is a numerical or graphic way of summarizing data from a population
true
true or false: A graphic distribution of scores in which only a few individuals receive high scores is negatively skewed
false
true or false: A normal distribution is a theoretical distribution that is symmetrical, and in which a large proportion of the scores are concentrated at the middle of the distribution
false
true or false: one paramedic technique commonly used for testing the statistical significance of quantitative data is the t-test
True
true or false: the most common parametric technique for analyzing the significance i’ve got categorical data is the correlation coefficient, r
False
true or false: sampling error is the difference between a sample and its population
true
true or false: a null hypothesis specifies the nature of the relationship the researcher things exist in the population
false
true or false: the test involving both sides of a sampling distribution because the research hypothesis is a nondirectional hypothesis is called a two-tailed test
True
true or false: both parametric and non-parametric techniques should be used to analyze data rather than either one alone
True
true or false: the probabilities use for hypothesis testing are accurate for making generalizations to a population
False
true or false: when a true null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected this is known as a type-ll error
False
true or false: analysis of variance (ANOVA) used to when comparing more than two sets of scores
false
What is the major purpose of controls in research?
A. To produce research hypothesis and combine with problems statements.
B. To generate initial ideas.
C. To counteract threats to validity.
D. To increase participants willingness to participate.
C. To counteract threats to validity
what is the major reason for careful participants selection?
A. It generates clear research hypothesis.
B. It reduces statistical errors.
C. It improves internal validity.
D. It enhances external validity.
D. It enhances external validity
what is experimenter effects?
A. Arise from the experimenters detailed knowledge of the experiment.
B. Are action of concern in research.
C. Cannot be controlled.
D. Are best controlled by random assignment of participants.
A. arise from the experimenter’s detailed knowledge of the experiment
what kind of validity is threatened when we cannot generalize the results of a study?
A. External validity.
B. Internal validity.
C. Construct validity.
D. Statistic validity.
A. External validity
to which of the following is the term “confounding” applied?
A. To statistical validity, but not internal validity.
B. primarily to participant selection
C. Only to external validity.
D. Internal and construct validity.
D. Internal and construct validity
The double blind control procedure involves
A. having both experimenter and participants blind to the assignment of each participant.
B. Having our participants blind to both the hypothesis in the assignment.
C. The experimenters assistant and the experimenter, both be blind to the hypothesis.
D. None of the above.
A. Having both the experimenter and participants blind to the assignment of each participant
being able to eliminate many extraneous variables is a major advantage of
A. Naturalistic research.
B. Case study research.
C. Both naturalistic and case study research.
D. Experimental research.
D. Experimental research
extremely high control in laboratory settings
A. Is always accomplished.
B. Is not useful.
C. May lead to diminish external validity.
D. Is crucial in case study.
C. may lead to diminished external validity
Criteria control in experiment is
A. Careful participant selection.
B. Having a large number of participants.
C. Unbiased participant assignment conditions.
D. The use of electronic measuring system.
C. unbiased participant assignment conditions
it is essential for a successful control group design?
A. That the experimental and control groups be comparable at the start of the study.
B. That participants be randomly selected from a general population
C. That at least three conditions are manipulated.
D. That there be an equal number of male and female participants
A. That the experimental and control groups be comparable at the start of the study
