1_Midterms

Question 1

true or false: Control procedures are needed to counteract threats to validity

Answer 1

TRUE

Question 2

true or false: Every possible control procedure must be included in an experiment if it is to be a valid experiment

Answer 2

False

Question 3

true or false: Controls are most fully developed at the experimental level of research

Answer 3

true

Question 4

true or false: External validity concerns the ability to generalize results from a study to a larger population

Answer 4

true

Question 5

true or false: In a threat to internal validity, it is the dependent variable that is confounded

Answer 5

false

Question 6

true or false: The threat to external validity is the same as the threat to construct validity

Answer 6

false

Question 7

true or false: Controls are necessary only at the experimental level of research

Answer 7

false

Question 8

true or false: When some uncontrolled factor offers an alternative explanation of the results, it is called confidence

Answer 8

false

Question 9

true or false: Repeating an experiment as nearly as possible to the original is called exact replication

Answer 9

true

Question 10

true or false: Double-blind procedures will improve external validity

Answer 10

false

Question 11

true or false: Deception in experimentation is unethical and should never be employed

Answer 11

true

Question 12

true or false: In psychology, as contrasted with chemistry, subjective measures are preferred in research

Answer 12

false

Question 13

true or false: Matching procedures are best used when we have a large number of participants

Answer 13

true

Question 14

true or false: In any experiment, the protection of internal validity is of major importance

Answer 14

true

Question 15

true or false: Experiments must have at least two levels of independent variable

Answer 15

true

Question 16

true or false: Descriptive statistics allow the researcher to make inferences about a population based on findings from a sample

Answer 16

false

Question 17

true or false: A statistic is an index for a characteristic of a sample

Answer 17

true

Question 18

true or false: The ages of volunteers at a community service center are an example of categorical or nominal data

Answer 18

false

Question 19

true or false: When researchers state that a finding is statistically significant, they are stating that the researchers rejected the null hypothesis

Answer 19

true

Question 20

true or false: When indices such as mean or median are calculated from the entire population, they are called statistics

Answer 20

false

Question 21

true or false: The mode in the following distribution 25, 17, 23, 23, 24, 25, 23 is 17

Answer 21

false

Question 22

true or false: A negatively skewed distribution is best described when the tail of the distribution tails off the right

Answer 22

true

Question 23

true or false: The mean and median are commonly used to summarize quantitative data

Answer 23

true

Question 24

true or false: The median is the most frequent score in the distribution

Answer 24

false

Question 25

true or false: This is an example of **one-directional hypothesis**: “Highly motivated people are less likely to be successful than those with low motivation.”

Answer 25

false

Question 26

true or false: Zip codes of shoppers at an appliance store are an example of categorical data

Answer 26

true

Question 27

true or false: Extreme scores heavily influence the median score

Answer 27

false

Question 28

true or false: A skewed distribution is **asymmetrical**

Answer 28

true

Question 29

true or false: A parameter is a numerical or graphic way of summarizing data from a population

Answer 29

true

Question 30

true or false: A graphic distribution of scores in which only a few individuals receive high scores is negatively skewed

Answer 30

false

Question 31

true or false: A normal distribution is a theoretical distribution that is symmetrical, and in which a large proportion of the scores are concentrated at the middle of the distribution

Answer 31

false

Question 32

true or false: one paramedic technique commonly used for testing the statistical significance of quantitative data is the **t-test**

Answer 32

True

Question 33

true or false: the most common parametric technique for analyzing the significance i’ve got categorical data is the correlation coefficient, *r*

Answer 33

False

Question 34

true or false: sampling error is the difference between a sample and its population

Answer 34

true

Question 35

true or false: a null hypothesis specifies the nature of the relationship the researcher things exist in the population

Answer 35

false

Question 36

true or false: the test involving both sides of a sampling distribution because the research hypothesis is a nondirectional hypothesis is called a **two-tailed test**

Answer 36

True

Question 37

true or false: both parametric and non-parametric techniques should be used to analyze data rather than either one alone

Answer 37

True

Question 38

true or false: the probabilities use for hypothesis testing are accurate for making generalizations to a population

Answer 38

False

Question 39

true or false: when a true null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected this is known as a type-ll error

Answer 39

False

Question 40

true or false: analysis of variance (ANOVA) used to when comparing more than two sets of scores

Answer 40

false

Question 41

What is the major purpose of controls in research? A. To produce research hypothesis and combine with problems statements. B. To generate initial ideas. C. To counteract threats to validity. D. To increase participants willingness to participate.

Answer 41

C. To counteract threats to validity

Question 42

what is the major reason for careful participants selection? A. It generates clear research hypothesis. B. It reduces statistical errors. C. It improves internal validity. D. It enhances external validity.

Answer 42

D. It enhances external validity

Question 43

what is experimenter effects? A. Arise from the experimenters detailed knowledge of the experiment. B. Are action of concern in research. C. Cannot be controlled. D. Are best controlled by random assignment of participants.

Answer 43

A. arise from the experimenter’s detailed knowledge of the experiment

Question 44

what kind of validity is threatened when we cannot generalize the results of a study? A. External validity. B. Internal validity. C. Construct validity. D. Statistic validity.

Answer 44

A. External validity

Question 45

to which of the following is the term “confounding” applied? A. To statistical validity, but not internal validity. B. primarily to participant selection C. Only to external validity. D. Internal and construct validity.

Answer 45

D. Internal and construct validity

Question 46

The double blind control procedure involves A. having both experimenter and participants blind to the assignment of each participant. B. Having our participants blind to both the hypothesis in the assignment. C. The experimenters assistant and the experimenter, both be blind to the hypothesis. D. None of the above.

Answer 46

A. Having both the experimenter and participants blind to the assignment of each participant

Question 47

being able to eliminate many extraneous variables is a major advantage of A. Naturalistic research. B. Case study research. C. Both naturalistic and case study research. D. Experimental research.

Answer 47

D. Experimental research

Question 48

extremely high control in laboratory settings A. Is always accomplished. B. Is not useful. C. May lead to diminish external validity. D. Is crucial in case study.

Answer 48

C. may lead to diminished external validity

Question 49

Criteria control in experiment is A. Careful participant selection. B. Having a large number of participants. C. Unbiased participant assignment conditions. D. The use of electronic measuring system.

Answer 49

C. unbiased participant assignment conditions

Question 50

it is essential for a successful control group design? A. That the experimental and control groups be comparable at the start of the study. B. That participants be randomly selected from a general population C. That at least three conditions are manipulated. D. That there be an equal number of male and female participants

Answer 50

A. That the experimental and control groups be comparable at the start of the study