Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HST.110 Renal Pathophysiology > 1_HST110 Intro to Kidney Structure and Function 2017 > Flashcards

1_HST110 Intro to Kidney Structure and Function 2017 Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis: The maintenance of relatively stable internal (X) under fluctuating (Y)

A 
X = physiological conditions
Y = environmental conditions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List 4 primary functions of the kidney

A
  1. Regulate water and electrolyte balance
  2. Excrete metabolic waste products and foreign substances
    e. g. urea, creatinine, uric acid, drugs
  3. Regulate acid-base balance
  4. Produce and secrete hormones
    - Renin (regulation of blood pressure)
    - Calcitriol (active form of vitamin D)
    - Erythropoietin (red blood cell production)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the first step in production of urine?

A

Glomerular filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Glomerular filtrates include roughly everything present in blood except for what two things?

A

Blood cells and large molecules (e.g. proteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Secretion of unwanted substances involves either simply leaving the substance in filtrate or to a lesser extent (X)

A

X = Active secretion into the urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Reabsorption of useful components of the filtrate (e.g. Na+, water, other electrolytes) back into the bloodstream is highly (X) to maintain what 3 types of balance?

A

X = Regulated

Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What structures sit on top of the kidneys?

A

Adrenal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the port into/out of the kidney?

A

Hilum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What arteries feed into the hilum?

A

Abdominal aorta to renal artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What veins leads away from the hilum?

A

Renal vain to inferior vena cava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the approximate size of a kidney?

A 
12x6x4 cm (computer mouse)
0.5% of body weight, 125-170 (M) or 115-155 (F) grams
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which kidney is slightly larger?

A

Left is larger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a calyx?

A

Cup or receptacle features to collect urine (minor and major)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the tip of the renal pyramid called?

A

Papilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The renal pyramid forms what border in a segmented fashion?

A

Corticomedullary border

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two major anatomical divisions of the kidney?

A

Cortex and medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The kidneys receive what percentage of cardiac output?

A

20-25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Kidneys have the highest blood flow per weight for delivery of oxygen & nutrients as well as filtration and clearance. What is this blood flow?

A

400 mL/100g/min

Compared to heart and liver (70 mL/100g/min each)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Trace the renal circulation from the abdominal aorta to the inferior vena cava

A

Abdominal aorta - renal artery - interlobar arteries - arcuate arteries - interlobular arteries - afferent arterioles - glomerular capillaries - efferent arterioles - peritubular capillaries - (vasa recta) - interlobular veins - arcuate veins - interlobar veins - renal vein - inferior vena cava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How many nephrons are there in the kidney?

A

1.0 - 1.3 million, varying vastly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Name the 5 structures composing the nephron

A

Renal corpuscle (glomerulus+Bowman’s capsule), Proximal Tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal Tubule, Collecting duct system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Renal corpuscle is made up of a (X) layer of cells

A

X = single

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The Glomerulus is surrounded by a layer of epithelial cells called (X) capsule. Blood filtered by the glomerular capillaries enters into (X) space, which then empties the filtrate into the (Y) of the nephron

A 
X = Bowman’s
Y = tubules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the 3 layers to the glomerular filtration barrier?

A

Capillary endothelial cells (fenestrated, 50-100nm)
Glomerular basement membrane (GBM)
Pococytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Capillary endothelial cells are fenestrated with 50-100nm holes. They are freely permeable to (X)

A

X = water, solutes, and most proteins in the blood but not blood cells or platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

GBM: Gel-like meshwork of (X) and (Y). Limits the passage of intermediate to large sized molecules and is (Z) charged, which repels (Z) charged proteins such as albumin

A 
X = Glycoproteins
Y = Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans
Z= negatively
27
Q

What is another name for the podocyte?

A

Visceral epithelial cells (0f Bowman’s capsule)

28
Q

Podocytes have long finger-like (X) that surround the outer surface of glomerular (Y)

A 
X = foot processes
Y = capillaries
29
Q

Foot processes interdigitate and are separated by gaps called (X) bridged by a (X) diaphragm with a pore size of (Y)

A 
X = filtration slits
Y = 4 to 14 nm
30
Q

Filtration slits function primarily as (X)-selective barriers and prevent proteins and macromolecules from entering Bowman’s space

A

X = size

31
Q

What is the mesangium composed of?

A

Mesangial cells and mesangial matrix

32
Q

What are the 6 functions of the mesangial cells?

A
  1. Share properties with smooth muscle cells
  2. Provide structural support for glomerular capillaries
  3. Secrete extracellular matrix
  4. Phagocytize cells
  5. Secrete prostaglandins and proinflammatory cytokines
  6. May influence glomerular filtration
33
Q

What 3 structures comprise the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Macula densa (– (“dense spot”) specialized cells of the thick ascending limb that pass between the afferent and efferent arterioles)

Extraglomerular mesangial cells

Granular cells of the afferent arteriole – produce, store, and release the hormone renin

34
Q

The JGA is on component of the (X) involved in regulating renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate

A

X = tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms

35
Q

Each tubule is made up of (X) of epithelial cells, separated by (Y), resting on a tubular basement membrane

A 
X = a single layer
Y = tight junctions
36
Q

Nearly all tubular epithelial cells possess a primary cilium at their apical surface, which may play a role in sensing (X)

A

X = urine fluid flow

37
Q

What is the first tubule segment, continuous with the Bowman’s capsule consisting of a coiled segment (X) followed by a straight segment (Y), which extends towards the medulla?

A

Proximal Tubule

X = proximal convoluted tubule
Y = proximal straight tubule
38
Q

The proximal tubule reabsorbs what percentage of the glomerular filtrate?

A

55-60% (65-70% by other estimates)

39
Q

What is the primary site of NaCl and water reabsorption in the nephron?

A

Proximal tubule

40
Q

At their apical membrane, proximal tubule cells have a (X) with numerous microvilli that increase surface area to optimize the reabsorption of solutes and water. This is the only tubule segment with this feature

A

X = brush border

41
Q

Cytoplasm of proximal tubule cells contain numerous (X) needed for active transport processes

A

X = mitochondria

42
Q

Name the 3 segments of the Loop of Henle

A

Thin descending limb
Thin ascending limb
Thick ascending limb

43
Q

What percentage of filtered NaCl is reabsorbed by the LOH?

A

25-35% (15-25% by other estimates)

44
Q

The LOH plays a critical role in what function of the kidney?

A

Concentration of the urine

45
Q

What percentage of filtered NaCl is reabsorbed by the Distal Convoluted Tubule?

A

~5%

46
Q

What is the primary site for regulation of calcium in the kidney?

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule

47
Q

The collecting duct is divided into what 2 structures?

A

Cortical and medullary collecting ducts

48
Q

The cortical collecting duct consists of what cells with which functions?

A

Principal cells - reabsorption of NaCl and secretion of K+

Intercalated cells - regulate acid-base balance

49
Q

The medullary collecting duct is responsible for regulation of transport of water and urea under the influence of what hormone?

A

ADH

50
Q

The Proximal Tubule Reabsorbs what percentage of filtered substances from the glomerular filtrate?

NaCl and water
HCO3-
Glucose & Amino Acids

A

65-70%
90%
Almost all

51
Q

What other electrolytes and molecules does the PT reabsorb?

A

K+, PO43-, Ca2+, Mg2+, urea, uric acid

52
Q

What is the major site of ammonia production in the nephron?

A

Proximal Tubule

53
Q

The LOH participates in (X) to produce a concentrated urine

A

X = countercurrent exchange

54
Q

What is the major site of active regulation of Mg2+ excretion?

A

LOH

55
Q

Name the 3 key features of the cortical collecting duct

A

Principal cells: reabsorb Na+ and Cl-, secrete K+

Intercalated cells: secrete H+, reabsorb K+, secrete HCO3-

Reabsorbs water in presence of ADH

56
Q

What is the final site of modification of the urine?

A

Medullary collecting duct

57
Q

What is reabsorbed and secreted in the medullary collecting duct?

A

Reabsorbs NaCl
Reabsorbs water and urea, depending on presence of ADH
Secretes H+ and NH3

58
Q

The efferent arteriole forms what type of capillaries in the juxtamedullary nephrons that are not formed in the cortical nephrons?

A

Vasa recta

Peritubular capillaries are formed in both

59
Q

Where do efferent fiber (TO the kidney) originate?

A

Sympathetic nerve fibers originating in the celiac plexus (T10-L2)

60
Q

Does the kidney have parasympathethic innervation?

A

No, just sympathetic

61
Q

What are the effects of sympathetic nervous stimulation of the kidneys?

A

Cause vasoconstriction
Increase tubular Na+ reabsorption
Stimulate renin secretion by granular cells of the JGA

62
Q

What 2 types of receptors are found in the afferent (sensory) fibers (FROM the kidney)?

A

Baroreceptors in interlobular arteries and afferent arterioles respond to changes in perfusion pressure

Chemoreceptors in the renal pelvis respond to high extracellular levels of K+ and H+

63
Q

What are the 3 renal processes and what is the formula for urinary excretion derived from these processes?

A

Filtration, Reabsorption, & Secretion

Urinary Excretion = Filtration - Reabsorption + Secretion

HST.110 Renal Pathophysiology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions