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Ch 1-21 > 1_2 > Flashcards

1_2 Flashcards

1
Q

*3 most commonly described selectins necessary for WBC extravasation during acute inflammation

A

*E (endothelial)P (platelet)L (leukocyte)WBC extravasation includes1. Margination (selectins)2. Adherence (integrins)3. Diapedesis (interendothelial)

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2
Q

*define diapedesis

A

*Diapedesis = process of WBC migration inbtwn endothelial cells at the site of injury during acute inflammationInvolves both adhesive and proteolytic events

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3
Q

*Proinflammatory cytokines

A

*IL-1, 6TNF alpha (cachectin)PGPDGFTGF Chemokinesleukotriene (LTB4)FIRST SOURCE= resident/sentinel tissue macrophages

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4
Q

*2 vasoactive substances involved in acute inflammation

A

*Histamine—short half life, main source from mast cells, work @ H1 receptorsSerotonin–spp dependentF(x): vasodilation, increase vascular permeability

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5
Q

*Define cytokines

A

*Diverse group of small soluble proteins that act as IC messengers during physiologic processes. Can work autocrine, endocrine, paracrine. Redundant, pleiotropism

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6
Q

*Anti inflammatory cytokines

A

*IL-10Lipoxins–inhibit neutrophils/chemotaxisSource=cd4+ TH cells, monocytes, B cellsf(x): decr pro inflammatory cytokines, decrease Ag presentationexcess IL-10 can increase susceptibility to microbial infection

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7
Q

*Physiologic action of PGE2

A

*Source= many cellsF(x): hyperalgesia, pyrogenic, vasodilation

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8
Q

*Physiologic action of PGF2

A

*Source= endometrial cells F(x): uterine contraction, bronchoconstriction, vasodilation

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9
Q

*Physiologic action of TxA2 (thromboxane)

A

*Source : Platelets, macrophagesF(x): Platelet aggregation, Vasoconstriction

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10
Q

*Hallmarks of an acute phase reaction

A

*FeverLeukocytosisChange in serum acute phase protein concentration

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11
Q

Nitric oxide

A

source:endothelial (primary), neuronal, inducibleF(x): Vasodilator(potent), Decreases platelet aggregation, Decreases white blood cell adhesion (eNO), free rad production to kill microbes (iNO)both inflm and antiinflam

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12
Q

C reactive protein

A

Positive acute phase proteinF(x): Activates complement, decreases PMN, increases macrophages, promotes DIC

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13
Q

Complement pathway

A

ROLE IN OPSONIZATION, PHAGOCYTOSIS, CHEMOTAXIS, CELL LYSIS1. Alternative path (Bacteria)——–>2. Classical path (Ab)——–> Cleave C33. Lectin path (Mannose) ——–>C3a—> anaphlatoxinC3b—> phagocytosisC3b + C3convertase—> C5b+ C6789 MAC—> lysis of bacteria

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14
Q

reperfusion injury pathophysiology

A

Prolonged ischemia –> incr hypoxanthineWhen reperfused, add oxygenAllows xanthine oxidase to fx to convert hypoxanthine –> xanthine + h2o2H2o2 destabilizes into free radicles–> oxidize cell membranes–> cell death

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15
Q

How are reactive oxygen species counteracted?

A
  1. Antioxidant enzymes (Superoxide dismutase, catalase glutathione peroxidase)2. Antioxidant scavenger molecules (Vitamin A, C, E)
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16
Q

Difference btwn Cox1 and cox 2

A

Both are enzymes in AA pathCOX1 constitutively expressedCOX2 induced by trauma, growth factors, inflm

17
Q

Arachidonic acid pathway

A

Cell membrane phospholipids–>AA via phospholipase A2AA –> cyclooxygenase path–> PGI2(prostacyclin inhibits platelets), TXA2(thromboxane promotes platelets), PGE2/PGD2 (vasodilation, permeability, pyrogenic)AA–>lipoxygenase path–>lipoxins(inhibit PMN,antiinflm), leukotrienes LTB4(proinflm)

18
Q

Source and MOA on TNF ALPHA

A

Pro inflm cytokineSource: macrophagesMOA: anti tumor activityRelease inflm mediators and cytokinesIncrease CD8+ cytotoxic T cell immunity and NK cells

19
Q

Source and MOA IL 6

A

Pro inflm cytokineSource: macrophages, epithelial cells, enterocytes, T cellsMOA: incr liver acute phase proteinsIncrease lymphocyte proliferation

20
Q

Purine and pyrimidine bases in DNA

A

Purine: adenine, guaninePyrimidine: cytosine, thiamineA–TG—C

21
Q

Source and MOA IL 6

A

Pro inflm cytokineSource: macrophages, epithelial cells, enterocytes, T cellsMOA: incr liver acute phase proteinsIncrease lymphocyte proliferation INCREASES WITH DURATION/SEVERITY OF DISEASE (biomarker)

22
Q

Difference btwn DNA & RNA

A

RNA: uracil, ribose sugar, single strandDNA: thiamine, deoxyribose sugar, double strand

23
Q

Central dogma of molecular biology

A

Crick 1958Replication(make DNA copy)Transcription(make mRNA)–takes place in nucleusTranslation(make protein)–takes place in ribosome

24
Q

What transcription factor is critical to cartilage formation

A

SOX9Can be used to restore changes in ECM of osteoarthritic cartilage

25
Q

Insertion of sequences into functional DNA (by way of reverse transcriptases) can result in what canine disease example

A

Lamellar ichythyosis (epidermal cornification)–JRTCentronuclear myopathy (hereditary Labrador retrievers); muscle weakness;Exercise intolerance

26
Q

What is the universal marker of canine malignancy and best described reverse transcriptase

A

Telomerase expression (adds DNA to the end of chromosomes)Experimental inhibition can inhibit tumor growth

27
Q

Types of genetic mutations

A

Single nucleotide mutationNonsynonymous mutationMiss sense mutationNonsense mutationSynonymous mutationFrame shift mutationCan be reproductive within the germ line Or nonreproductive (somatic)

28
Q

List 4 ways bio markers can be used

A
  1. Diagnostic2. Staging3. Prognostic4. Monitoring clinical response to tx
29
Q

4 steps of acute vascular response of inflammation

A
  1. vasodilation (brief constrict–then dilate)2. permeability3. stasis4. WBC extravasation
30
Q

Alarm signals: pathogen or danger associated molecular patterns recognition and response

A

body recognizes DAMPs, PAMP through pattern recognition receptors (notably Toll Like Receptors) which then initiate translocation of nuclear factor kappa B into nucleus to act as transcription factor for production of pro inflammatory cytokines.Ex. TLR-4 for recognition of LPS endotoxin of bacteria

31
Q

What are tachykinins

A

tachykinins are neuropeptides released from peripheral neurons after stimulation/trauma of sensory nervesex. substance P

32
Q

role of substance P

A

tachykinin released by sensory neurons and inflammatory cells after trauma/stimulationbind G protein receptors (neurokinin-1 receptors) to promote transmission of pain signals and overall proinflammatory (incr vasoperm, neovasc, WBC extravasation, cytokine production)

33
Q

chemical name for serotonin

A

5-hydroxytryptamine

34
Q

what are chemokines

A

peak AFTER cytokine (TNFa, IL1,6)chemotactic cytokinesex. IL 8 (is a chemokine of CXC family with ELR moiety–IL-8/CXCL8) attracts neutrophils

35
Q

Most common methods of proteonomics in vet med

A

IHCWestern BlotELISAMass spectrometry

Ch 1-21 (19 decks)

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