1991 Child development and behavior guidance Flashcards
Theories of Child Development
Maturational Theory: Hall & Gesell
developing children will develop their cognitive skills on their own with no influence from their environment.
Psychoanalytic Theories:
behavior shaped by unconscious processes
Psychosexual Theory: Freud
Stages of Psychosocial Development: Erikson
(trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame, initiative vs guilt, industry vs inferiority, identity vs role confusion, intimacy vs isolation, generativity vs stagnation, ego vs despair)
Behaviorism:
relationship between stimulus and response
Pavlov, Watson, Skinner
Pavlov – classical conditioning-reflex, Skinner – operant conditioning and selective reinforcement
Social Learning Theory: Bandura
modeling
Cognitive Theory:
individuals think and choose
Jean Piaget
children think differently than adults
cognitive development proceeds in distinct stages based on age
children learn thru interaction w/ environment
child is an active learner, not a passive responder
thoughts influence future actions and ideas
Stages of Cognitive Development
Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor Stage (Birth-2 years)
- coordination of sensory experiences w/ physical motor actions
Pre-operative Stage
Concrete Operational Stage
Formal Operational Stage
Which Stage of Cognitive Development is characterized by:
- child learns to represent objects with words, drawings
- egocentric thinking
- magical beliefs
and at what age is this occurring?
Pre-operative Stage
Age 2-6
The Concrete Operational Stage is characterized by what and at what age is it occurring?
Age 7-12:
- appropriate use of logic
- solve problems that apply to actual objects
- elimination of egocentrism – awareness of others
According to the Stages of Cognitive Development, kids are capable of abstract thought and reasoning at what age?
>12 years
Formal Operational Stage
capable of abstract thought and hypothetical reasoning
What talking and understanding does a birth – 3 month old do?
Startles to loud sounds,
smiles/quiets when spoken to/recognizes your voice
sucking changes w/sound
coos, babbles
cries differently for different reasons
A 4-6 month old can do what?
Follows sounds with eyes
responds to changes in your voice
notices toys that make sounds
likes music
babbling with p, b, m
giggles
vocalized excitement/displeasure
gurgles when alone
7 months – 1 year old likes what type of activities?
- peek a boo
- looks in directions of sounds
- listens when spoken to
- recognizes words for common items cup, shoe, book, juice
- responds to requests like come here, more?
A 7 month – 1 year old does what talking?
Babbles long and short, imitates speech sounds gets attention with speech sounds uses gestures (arms up, waving) 1-2 words: mama, dog, hi
1 year – 2 year milestones are:
ID body parts
simple commands “kiss the baby, where’s your shoe?”
listens to stories, rhymes, songs
points to pictures in books
more words each month
“where’s kitty? What’s that?”
2 word sentences: more juice
2 – 3 year old milestones?
Go-stop, in-out, big-little, up-down
follows requests
enjoys longer stories
words for almost everything
k, g, f, t, d, n
family understands most speech
names objects
3 – 4 year olds
Come when called from another room
hears TV and radio at same loudness as other family members
answers who what where why questions
talks about school or friends’ home
non-family understand speech
4+ word sentences
talks easily
4 – 5 year old milestones?
Can listen to and answer questions about short stories
hears and understands most of what is said at home and school
Sentences with details/adjectives
tells stories
communicates easily with others
may have trouble with l, r, v, z, ch, sh, th
says rhyming words,
letters and numbers
same grammar as rest of family
First line agent in the treatment of acute mild to moderate postoperative pain
NSAIDs
Dosing
(<12yo): 4-10 mg/kg/dose q6-8h prn
Max: 40 mg/kg/day;
12 and up: 200 mg q4-6h prn
Max: 1.2g/day
Tylenol dosage and max.
Children <12:
10-15 mg/kg/dose q4-6h prn
Max: 90 mg/kg/day, not to exceed 2.6g/day
12 and up:
325-650 mg q4-6h
Max: 4g/day
Tylenol overdose is a common pediatric emergency, therefore it must not be given prior to ___ hours after the last dose was administered
SIX
Opioid analgesics provide analgesia for moderate to severe pain but have side effects including ____ and _____
Sedation
Respiratory depression
Concomitant admin of ibuprofen can reduce the amount of opioid analgesic required for pain control
Care must be exercised with codeine use in pedo pts due to…
Genetic polymorphism of the liver cytochrome enzyme which causes some patients to be “ultra-rapid” metabolizers of codeine (therefore convert codeine to high levels of morphine QUICKLY)
only a non-commercially available lab test can tell (virtually no way to identify these ultra fast metabolizers)
Some patients are also poor metabolizers of codeine – under respond to the drug
What are the two most validated pain scales according to AAPD guidelines?
T/F Hand-guarding by dental assistant is considered active restraint.
T. head-holding, hand-guarding, and therapeutic holding are considered active immobilization. Can be done by parent, dentist, auxiliary – need consent.
T/F
The use of mouth prop in a compliant child is considered protective stabilization.
False
“Although a mouth prop may be used as an immobilization device, the use of a MP in a compliant child is not considered protective stabilization.
T/F Protective stabilization should be used only when less restrictive interventions are not effective.
T.
It should not be used as a means of discipline, convenience, or retaliation. It should not induce pain for the patient.
Under what circumstances should you terminate use of immobilization?
- Parental request (bring tx to safe conclusion & end)
- Severe emotional stress or hysterics, stop to prevent physical or psychological trauma