1988-90: Growing Nationalist Unrest

Question 1

1. Where did nationalist protests break out in 1989?
   - What did Gorbachev respond with?
   - What did this lead to?
2. Who was massacred in Central Asia in 1989?
3. What did the CP fail to contain in both Azerbeijan and Uzbekistan?

Answer 1

1. Karabagh, Azerbeijan.
   - Direct rule of Karabagh.
   - Massacre and migration of Armenians.
2. Muslim minority of Meshketians.
3. Nationalist demands.

Question 2

TBISILI MASSACRE:

1. When did this take place?
2. How many Georgian protesters were killed?
3. What concerns amongst nationalists did the massacre lead to?
4. What did the govt refuse to do?

Answer 2

1. April 1989, Georgia.
3. Soviet govt was prepared to use lethal force to stop nationalism.
4. Take responsibility for the killings.

Question 3

RUSSIAN NATIONALISM:

1. From what year did Russian nationalism begin to grow?
2. What made it grow?
   - Give an example of an event.
3. Nationalism also flourished amongst groups trying to protect what?

Answer 3

2. Environmental concerns.
   - Chernobyl.
3. National monuments.

Question 4

BALTIC INDEPENDENCE:

1. Who was the first country to declare independence from the USSR?
   - What did Gorbachev introduce (which failed) to combat this declaration?
2. What did Yeltsin create?

Answer 4

1. Lithuania.
   - Economic sanctions.
2. Russian Army to defend Russian Republic from Soviet attack.

Question 5

1. Gorbachev introduced a referendum across the Union. What % of voters backed a new union?
2. What agreement was formed to establish a federation of independent states with a single President?
3. What % of the vote did Yeltsin win in the Russian presidential election in June 1991?

Answer 5

1. 76%.
2. 9+1 agreement.
3. Almost 60%.