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britain > 1970 - 79 > Flashcards

1970 - 79 Flashcards

1
Q

CONS AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

What were Heath’s original aims?

A

He intended to reduce unemployment, reduce the rise in prices and increase productivity.

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2
Q

CONS AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

What did Heath’s government decide economically?

A

To abandon the prices and income and policy, no wage for salary freezes and simply allowing market forces to act. However, to make such an economy fair trade unions must not have an unequal start. This led to the industrial relations act.

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3
Q

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS ACT

Who introduced the industrial relations act?

A

Employment secretary Robert Carr

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4
Q

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS ACT

What actions were taken?

A

Industrial relations court set up and a distinction was made between official and wildcat strikes

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5
Q

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS ACT

Did the TUC oppose the project and if so who were they supported by?

A

Yes, supported by the Labour party

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6
Q

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS ACT

What happened in February 1971?

A

140,000 union members marched through London shouting “kill the bill”

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7
Q

MINERS STRIKES

Why was there an inflationary spiral?

A

Inflation increased, trade unions demanded higher wages so industries would raise good prices to allow this

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8
Q

MINERS STRIKES

Why was the national coal board growing discontented?

A

The industry was nationalised and gradually shrinking in size and it’s average pay was less than the national average

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9
Q

MINERS STRIKES

What pay rise did union leader Joe Gormley manage to secure for the NUC in 1971?

A

14%

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10
Q

MINERS STRIKES

What happened when in 1972 a further NUC pay rise was refused?

A

The first ever miners strike, which quickly succeeded in creating a fuel crisis

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11
Q

MINERS STRIKES

Why was a state of emergency declared in 1972?

A

A power shortage coincided with bad winter weather

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12
Q

MINERS STRIKES

What happened after 7 weeks of striking?

A

The NUC accepted an improved offer

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13
Q

MINERS STRIKES

Why was this pay rise undermined?

A

High rates of inflation

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14
Q

MINERS STRIKES

Why did the 1972 strike become worse?

A

It coincided with the international oil price rise, meaning power was significantly reduced causing the imposition of the three day week

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15
Q

THE THREE DAY WEEK

Rather than give into the miners what did Heath decide to do?

A

Defeat them by imposing severe limits on the use of fuel, Heath calculated that the government could outlast the miners on strike

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16
Q

THE THREE DAY WEEK

What restrictive measures were introduced?

A

Limits on the amount of electricity which could be used by industries

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17
Q

THE THREE DAY WEEK

What were the results of the three day week?

A

Restrictive measures similar to war time austerity, electricity blackouts interfered with industrial production and ordinary people often were going without electricity

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18
Q

THE THREE DAY WEEK

What percentage pay rise did the miners get once disputes were settled?

A

21%, 3x what they were originally going to get, major defeat for the Heath government

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19
Q

THE THREE DAY WEEK

What happened because of their success?

A

The NUM again went on strike in pursuit of further wage increases

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20
Q

THE THREE DAY WEEK

What did Heath resultantly do because of the strike in 1974?

A

Called an election

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21
Q

THE TROUBLES

What was Heath’s aim in Northern Ireland?

A

“An acceptable level of violence”

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22
Q

THE TROUBLES

What was Heath’s first policy?

A

Internment: 342 suspected IRA members were detained, caused riots, violence and more hostility

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23
Q

THE TROUBLES

Why were there protests?

A

Due to the effective disenfranchisement and socio-economic disadvantages suffered by Roman Catholics in Northern Ireland

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24
Q

THE TROUBLES

What happened in 1968?

A

A planned demonstration in London Derry, police attacked protestors which highlighted discrimination

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25
Q

THE TROUBLES

Describe bloody sunday

A
  • January 1972
  • PM of NI banned protests for the year
  • Despite, a demonstration amounted and an estimated 12,000 people took part in London Derry
  • A minority broke away and threw stones at British paratroopers
  • Paratroopers fired back and killed 14 civilians
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26
Q

THE TROUBLES

What did the government conclude about bloody sunday?

A

The soldiers had responded to gun and bomb attacks, caused anger from catholic MPs such as Bernadette Devin

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27
Q

THE TROUBLES

What did the PIRA demand after bloody sunday?

A

NI to have political sovereignty, for the British army to be publicly withdrawn and political prisoners released

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28
Q

THE TROUBLES

What were Diplock courts and why were they created?

A

They aided internment and made it easier to arrest the convicted

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29
Q

THE TROUBLES

What was recognised in 1973?

A

Ireland presented a political, policing and security threat

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30
Q

THE TROUBLES

Describe the Sunningdale agreement

A

Parliament agreed a devolution plan for NI, proportional representation to replace the Stormont parliament and a consutive council of Ireland allowed all members of the political divide to meet

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31
Q

THE TROUBLES

Did both sides agree to the Sunningdale agreement?

A

Yes

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32
Q

THE TROUBLES

What did the Sunningdale agreement lead to?

A

The negotiations led to an executive bringing together of Unionists, the SDLP and the Alliance party

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33
Q

1974 GENERAL ELECTION

What percentage of votes did the Conservatives lose?

A

8.5%

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34
Q

1974 GENERAL ELECTION

What did the election results show?

A

Moving away from both Conservative and Labour and movement towards the liberals

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35
Q

1974 GENERAL ELECTION

What was Labour’s election campaign?

A

Increased central planning

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36
Q

1974 GENERAL ELECTION

What was the Liberals campaign?

A

Jeremy Thorpe: “change the face of Britain”

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37
Q

LABOUR’S RETURN TO POWER

What were the 5 problems Labour had when they came to power?

A
  • Dire economic situation: inflation at 15% and £3 billion balance of deficits
  • Northern Ireland
  • Trade unions
  • Labour party less united
  • Wilson much older
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38
Q

LABOUR’S RETURN TO POWER

Did the Labour government have a minority or majority?

A

A majority government

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39
Q

LABOUR’S RETURN TO POWER

What did Wilson do in October 1974?

A

He called a new election, Labour gained 18 more seats, overall majority was just 3

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40
Q

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS: LABOUR

What did Wilson do quickly?

A

Demonstrate that the Labour party was more equipped to deal with trade unions, gave them what they wanted

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41
Q

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS: LABOUR

What was Wilson able to end?

A

The three day week :)

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42
Q

THE WINTER OF DISCONTEMPT

What did Ford lorry drivers achieve after a nine week strike?

A

A 15% pay rise

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43
Q

THE WINTER OF DISCONTEMPT

What did the lorry pay rise cause?

A

Outrage from other unions… train drivers, hospital porters, binmen, grave diggers etc. They all went on strike.

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44
Q

THE WINTER OF DISCONTEMPT

What was the impact of all the strikes?

A

Rubbish piled up and bodies went unburied, the psychological impact of the winter of discontent deeply scarred public mood and remained with Labour for many years to come.

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45
Q

THE WINTER OF DISCONTEMPT

How did the winter of discontempt end?

A

In March 1979 the average pay was increased by 10%

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46
Q

PROBLEMS OF NI: LABOUR

What did Heath’s government seem to show?

A

Some progress seemed to have been made, but the Sunningdale agreement itself was precarious and insecure

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47
Q

PROBLEMS OF NI: LABOUR

Describe the collapse of the Sunningdale agreement

A
  • The IRA campaign persisted
  • Within days loyalist paramilitary groups formed a coalition under the name “Ulster Army Council”
  • The unionists voted against continued participation in the Northern Ireland Assembly
  • Loyalist workers called a general strike which led to rioting
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48
Q

PROBLEMS OF NI: LABOUR

What did the IRA begin moving to?

A

Attacking mainland Britain, setting of bombs in Birmingham, Guildford and Woolwich.

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49
Q

PROBLEMS OF NI: LABOUR

What happened to the NIIC?

A

It could not reach agreements and soon lapsed

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50
Q

PROBLEMS OF NI: LABOUR

How was some new optimism created?

A

1976: The development of a grassroots peace movement led by two catholic women, caused peace movements all over the world

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51
Q

PROBLEMS OF NI: LABOUR

How many people were held without trial by 1975?

A

Over 2000 people

52
Q

PROBLEMS OF NI: LABOUR

What did the Conservative government initially agree with the provisional IRA?

A

It would allow “special category status” to prisoners

53
Q

PROBLEMS OF NI: LABOUR

What does “special category status” denote to?

A
  • Prisoners have more free association time
  • More visits
  • No uniform
54
Q

PROBLEMS OF NI: LABOUR

What did Labour do to the “special category status”?

A

Labour left this in place for existing detainees but reversed it for new ones

55
Q

PROBLEMS OF NI: LABOUR

What did the PIRA leaders decide?

A

To treat British prison officers as assassination targets

56
Q

THE 1979 GENERAL ELECTION

What happened to the Labour government in the March of 1979?

A

A vote of no confidence on the issue of Scottish devolution

57
Q

THE 1979 GENERAL ELECTION

What did the Conservatives achieve?

A

A comfortable working majority of 43 seats

58
Q

THE 1979 GENERAL ELECTION

How much did the Labour vote dip by?

A

Only 3%

59
Q

BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO & RELATIONS W EUROPE

When did Britain enter the EEC?

A

1973

60
Q

BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO & RELATIONS W EUROPE

Describe Harold Wilson’s position on the EEC

A
  • Uncommitted to European membership

- Worried about maintaining unity within the Labour party

61
Q

BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO & RELATIONS W EUROPE

Describe Heath’s position on Europe

A
  • Passionately pro Europe

- He saw European cooperation as a key to preventing any repetition of the Nazi regime

62
Q

BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO & RELATIONS W EUROPE

Who replaced Charles Degaulle and what was his position on Britain joining the EEC?

A

Georges Pompidou, a man convinced the EEC needed Britain as much as Britain needed the EEC

63
Q

BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO & RELATIONS W EUROPE

Which other countries joined the EEC in 1973?

A

Denmark and Ireland

64
Q

BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO & RELATIONS W EUROPE

Who was one of the most vociferous critics of European membership in the Conservatives?

A

Enoch Powell

65
Q

BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO & RELATIONS W EUROPE

Name a commited pro-European in Wilson’s cabinet

A

Roy Jenkins

66
Q

BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO & RELATIONS W EUROPE

What did Wilson become obsessed with doing?

A

Trying to maintain party unity

67
Q

BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO & RELATIONS W EUROPE

Who in Labour were more hostile towards the EEC?

A

The labour left

68
Q

BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO & RELATIONS W EUROPE

What did Wilson realise was the only way to keep his party together?

A

Renegotiating entry terms and calling a referendum

69
Q

BRITAIN’S ENTRY INTO & RELATIONS W EUROPE

What did Heath’s commitment and persistence do?

A

Finally bring Britain into Europe

70
Q

THE EUROPEAN REFERENDUM

When was the referendum?

A

1974

71
Q

THE EUROPEAN REFERENDUM

What was Wilson’s main aim?

A

Party unity

72
Q

THE EUROPEAN REFERENDUM

What was Wilson’s strategy?

A

Remain neutral and let both sides of his party campaign to not ensure a party line

73
Q

THE EUROPEAN REFERENDUM

Describe the yes campaign

A
  • The economic state of the country, particularly in comparison to the EEC countries
  • Well financed by business men
  • Included most of the Labour cabinet, Edward Heath and the Liberal leader Jeremy Thorpe\
74
Q

THE EUROPEAN REFERENDUM

Describe the no campaign

A
  • Wanted to protect British workers

- Wanted to maintain Britain’s independence

75
Q

SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP WITH USA

Who was Heath more orientated towards?

A

Europe, less inclined to strengthen the Atlantic Alliance

76
Q

SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP WITH USA

Who did Heath personally get on with?

A

The US president Richard Nixon

77
Q

SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP WITH USA

What was Heath’s stance on Vietnam?

A

More forthright support for the war than Harold Wilson had given

78
Q

SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP WITH USA

When and why did relations worsen?

A

October 1973 during the Yom Kippur War

79
Q

SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP WITH USA

Why did the Yom Kippur War increase tensions?

A

The US wanted to use NATO bases in Europe for an airlift of supplies into Israel. Most European states refused, including Britain, because they feared the supplies of middle eastern oil would be put at risk

80
Q

SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP WITH USA

Were Wilson and Callaghan still keen on the Atlantic Alliance?

A

Yes

81
Q

SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP WITH USA

Who did Callaghan form a strong personal relationship with?

A

Kissinger

82
Q

COLD WAR ATTITUDES

Why did the US and Britain remain working together?

A

They both shared the same foreign policy objective of holding back communism

83
Q

COLD WAR ATTITUDES

Describe attitudes towards the USSR

A
  • Detente
  • Cuban Missile Crisis, a cool off period, no side wanted to go into direct conflict
  • Still fears about the Eastern Europe influence
84
Q

COLD WAR ATTITUDES

Describe attitudes towards China

A
  • Heath made a personal relationship with Chinese leader Mao Zedong
  • Chinese government visited Britain for the first time since the communist revolution
85
Q

THE INTERNATIONAL OIL PRICE RISE

What did the Arabs do in retaliation to the west’s support of Israel?

A

Drastically reduce the oil supply to supporting Western countries

86
Q

THE INTERNATIONAL OIL PRICE RISE

What did the price of oil increase from per barrel?

A

£2 to £35

87
Q

THE INTERNATIONAL OIL PRICE RISE

What were the economic effects in Britain?

A
  • Balance of payments deficit rose to £1 million
  • Annual inflation rate rose to 16%
  • Value of sterling dropped
88
Q

THE INTERNATIONAL OIL PRICE RISE

When was the international oil price rise?

A

1973

89
Q

HEATH’S ECONOMY

What did the Selsdon manifesto complain about?

A

“The Labour governments about turns in economic policy”

90
Q

HEATH’S ECONOMY

What did the government initially work to impose?

A

A free market agenda

91
Q

HEATH’S ECONOMY

Why did Heath back down from his initial aim?

A

He could not face the repercussions of rising unemployment

92
Q

HEATH’S ECONOMY

What did the unemployment rate reach at the beginning of 1972?

A

£1 million

93
Q

HEATH’S ECONOMY

What was the Barber Boom?

A
  • Increased pensions and benefits
  • Reduction in tax
  • Keynesian intentions
  • Put £2.5 billion into the economy
94
Q

HEATH’S ECONOMY

What did the Barber Boom result in?

A

Inflation, led to a deflationary budge, wage freezes, resulted in the miners strike

95
Q

LABOUR’S ECONOMY

What was the first major problem?

A

A surge in inflation due to a rush of large wage increases that were deemed necessary to get out of the industrial crisis that bought down Heath

96
Q

LABOUR’S ECONOMY

What did Healey’s 1975 budget impose?

A

Steep rises in inflation and public spending cuts

97
Q

LABOUR’S ECONOMY

What was set up in 1974 under Tony Benn?

A

The national enterprise board which administered the governments shareholding of private companies and could provide financial aid

98
Q

LABOUR’S ECONOMY

What was the result of Labour saving a failing car manufacturer?

A

Controversy, “lame duck industries”, caused internal divides

99
Q

PROGRESS IN FEMINISM

What percentage did women make up in the houses of commons?

A

Only 3% at the start of the decade

100
Q

PROGRESS IN FEMINISM

What percentage of the workforce was made up by women?

A

1/3

101
Q

PROGRESS IN FEMINISM

In what fields did women tend to be limited?

A

Politics, law, the civil service

102
Q

PROGRESS IN FEMINISM

What was there much protest against?

A

The Miss London pageant of 1970

103
Q

PROGRESS IN FEMINISM

What did Erin Pizzey found?

A

Chiswick’s women aid: to support women facing domestic violence

104
Q

PROGRESS IN FEMINISM

In 1970, what did women earn?

A

Little over half what men did

105
Q

PROGRESS IN FEMINISM

What did a 1968 strike by women sewer machinists achieve?

A

The Equal Pay Act of 1970

106
Q

PROGRESS IN FEMINISM

What did the Equal Pay Act state?

A

Equal pay for equal work

107
Q

PROGRESS IN FEMINISM

Describe the 1975 Sex Discrimination Act

A

Protected men and women on the grounds of gender and maritial status in employment

108
Q

PROGRESS IN FEMINISM

What did the Equal Opportunities Commission provide?

A

A place where people could appeal cases of discrimination on a gender basis in the work place

109
Q

RACE AND IMMIGRATION

What was formed in the 1960s and what was it’s policies?

A

The National Front, primarily to oppose immigration. It also adopted other right-wing and nationalist policies.

110
Q

RACE AND IMMIGRATION

What did the National Front argue?

A

The presence of immigrants led to more robbery, unemployment and crime

111
Q

RACE AND IMMIGRATION

What did the NF want to do?

A

Not just stop immigration but send the immigrants back

112
Q

RACE AND IMMIGRATION

What organisation was formed in 1977?

A

The ANL, campaigned against the far right policies of groups such as the NF, it formally ended in the late 1970s when the NF was no longer the threat it had appeared to be

113
Q

RACE AND IMMIGRATION

What did both parties look to do?

A

Pass some laws that would regulate the rate of arrival of immigrants and others that regulated how immigrants were treated

114
Q

RACE AND IMMIGRATION

In what year did the government impose further immigration restrictions?

A

1971

115
Q

RACE AND IMMIGRATION

What did the 1976 Act extend?

A

The race relations act, making it illegal for the discrimination in the workplace and education in regards to ethnicity

116
Q

RACE AND IMMIGRATION

What was set up in 1976?

A

A monitoring body: the commission for racial equality

117
Q

ENVIRONMENTALISM

Describe the CPRE

A
  • Supported the development of national parks and areas of outstanding national beauty
  • Enjoyed support of politicians, celebrities and the royal family
118
Q

ENVIRONMENTALISM

Was the environment considered a political priority by politicians?

A

No, any environmental legislation passed was stimulated by human need

119
Q

ENVIRONMENTALISM

Under Edward Heath, what was the Ministry of Housing and Local Government replaced with?

A

The Department of the Environment

120
Q

ENVIRONMENTALISM

What did Harold Wilson establish?

A

The Royal Commission for Environmental Pollution: advised the government on rural and urban matters for 40 years

121
Q

ENVIRONMENTALISM

What act was passed in 1974?

A

The Water Act

122
Q

ENVIRONMENTALISM

What act was passed in 1976?

A

The endangered species act

123
Q

ENVIRONMENTALISM

Was media coverage of the environment infrequent?

A

Yes :(

124
Q

YOUTH

What music did prog rockers and glam rockers listen to?

A

Pink Floyd and Genisis

125
Q

YOUTH

Describe punks

A

Anti society, sex pistols, political

126
Q

YOUTH

Describe skinheads

A
  • Right wing

- Football hooligans

127
Q

YOUTH

What was London for a while?

A

The fashion capital of the world

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