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1970-1979 Flashcards

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1
Q

who was in power 1970-74

A

Edward Heath

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2
Q

Why did the conservatives win the 1970 election

A

Heath was hard working and had image of competence

conservative ideas were attractive

post war consensus was failing

Enoch powell effect- Heath sacked him after speech, made him appear strong and voters who secretly agreed w powell votes conservative

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3
Q

what was heaths appeal

A

leader of opposition for 5 yrs

clear principles for modernisation

state school educated

chief EEC negotiator 1961-63

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4
Q

why was heath not appealing

A

stiff and prickly when dealing w ppl

too honest- not skilful in pleasing political allies

good at policies not politics

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5
Q

what were Heaths aims

A

tax reforms

better law and order

reform to TU

immigration controls

cuts to public spending

end public subsidies of lame duck industries

find solution to problems in Northern Ireland

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6
Q

what reforms did heath make

A

school leaving age raised to 16

local gov was reorganised into more streamlined two-tier counties and districts council system

currency went decimal bringing it into line w other European countries

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7
Q

positive economic indicators 1970-74

A

1973: gov investments to modernise industry were working

unemployment fell to 500,000

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8
Q

negative economic indicators 1970-74

A

1970- Anthony barbers attempts to encourage economic investment by cutting taxes led to stagflation

unemployment edged towards 1m

1971- U-turn on stopping lame duck subsidies

October 1973- Yom Kippur war

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9
Q

define stagflation

A

high inflation and high unemployment

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10
Q

what lame duck industries were invested in

A

rolls royce nationalised

gov poured money into upper Clyde shipbuilders

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11
Q

what did the Yom Kippur war lead to

A

stopping of exports, price of oil 4x higher and long queues at petrol stations

strengthened hand of miner when they demanded a huge pay rise in 1973

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12
Q

what did heath inherit in 1970 and what did he have to deal with

A

increasingly uncooperative attitude from TU

dealt w dockers, large pay settlement for dustmen, postal workers strikes and “go slow” by power workers leading to power cuts

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13
Q

what act was introduced 1971

A

industrial relations act 1971

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14
Q

what was the industrial relations act and what were the attitudes towards it

A

provided cooling off period (similar to in place of strife proposals) trades union congress (TUC) and confederation of British industry (CBI) opposed to it

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15
Q

What did Heath abolish?

A

National Board for Prices and Incomes

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16
Q

who strikes in the 1972 major strikes

A

miners, ambulance drivers, firefighters, civil servants, power workers, hospital staff and engine drivers

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17
Q

how many working days were lost to strikes

A

23,909,000- highest since 1926

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18
Q

what did the miners strike lead to

A

3 day week

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19
Q

how did heath try to deal with the strikes

A

industry act 1972 and aimed to involve the gov, TUC and CBI in agreeing wages, prices, investments and benefits

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20
Q

who were there further disputes with

A

fire fighters and power workers

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21
Q

what did the nov 1973 OPEC crisis lead to

A

increased wage demands from miners and an overtime ban.

3 day week from jan 1 1974

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22
Q

what happened at the same time of the 1973 OPEC crisis

A

NUM called a national strike and demanded huge pay rises

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23
Q

when was the who governs britain election

A

28th feb 1974

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24
Q

what was the outcome of the who governs britain election

A

led to hung parliament

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25
Q

what happened despite heaths attempts to find political solution in Northern Ireland

A

1970 explosion of sectarian violence

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26
Q

what was imposed in 1971 in Northern Ireland

A

night time curfews and introduction of internment

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27
Q

define internment

A

arresting suspected troublemakers and holding them without trial. believed that removing the violent men from community would reduce tension

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28
Q

what were the consequences of internment

A

1971-75: 95% of those interned were catholics

increased tension

strained British gov and Irish gov relations

destroyed cross-party understanding on NI as many labour MP’s opposed it and called for withdrawal of British troops

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29
Q

When was Bloody Sunday?

A

30th January 1972

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30
Q

what happened on Bloody Sunday

A

NICRA organised a prohibited civil rights march which ended w British soldiers firing ammunition

26 unarmed civilians were shot and 13 dies

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31
Q

what happened as a result of Bloody Sunday

A

British embassy in Dublin burned down 1972

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32
Q

why was 1972 knows as the bloodiest year of the troubles

A

1382 explosions

10628 shooting incidents

480 killed

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33
Q

what did heath do march 1972

A

suspended storming parliament and brought in direct rule from Westminster

tried to negotiate with main political parties to find solution

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34
Q

what was the first inquiry into Bloody Sunday may 1972

A

shots had been fired at soldiers before they started firing

republicans saw this as an attempt to condone British army actions

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35
Q

When was the Sunningdale Agreement?

A

1973

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36
Q

what were the main proposals of the sunningdale agreement

A
  • power sharing executive of nationalist and unionists guaranteeing political representation for both sides
  • NI assembly elected under proportional representation
  • council of Ireland that would get input from the Republic of Ireland
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37
Q

what were the consequences of the sunningdale agreement

A

violent continued- IRA attacks on police and army

extremists saw agreement as a sell-out

UUP voted to pull out agreement in jan 1974, replaced leader w harry west who opposed agreement

feb 1974 election parties opposed to agreement put one candidate to ensure anti-sunningdale vote

11 of 12 NI consituencies elected anti sunningdale MP

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38
Q

who was in power 1974-76

A

wilson

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39
Q

who was in power 1976-79

A

Callaghan

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40
Q

what was the main issue of labour in power

A

devolution

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41
Q

define devolution

A

delegation of power to political parties

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42
Q

what did labour have to do in 1977

A

make a political pact w liberal party as its majority in parliament disappeared. liberal wanted devolution for Wales and Scotland as price for its support

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43
Q

when were devolution acts opened for referendums in Scotland and Wales

A

1978

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44
Q

why was devolution difficult to pass

A

40% of electorate had to approve requiring a voter turnout of at least 80%

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45
Q

When were referendums held in Scotland and Wales?

A

1st march 1979

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46
Q

what was the outcome of the referendum

A

welsh votes against, Scottish voted for but didn’t have high enough turnout

vote of no confidence called and gov lost

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47
Q

positive economic indicators 1974-79

A

Callaghan handles 1976 IMF crisis well and loan repaid in may 1979

1978: North Sea oil on stream- 9 oilfields in production

inflation fell to 10%

unemployment falling by 1978

by 1978 days lost to industrial disputes fell to a 10yr low

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48
Q

what did Healys April 1975 budget impose

A

steep rise in taxation and cuts in public spending

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49
Q

what was being called into question in 1975

A

the effectiveness of national enterprise board to administer Govs shares in private enterprise and giving financial aid

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50
Q

what caused concern in 1975

A

nationalisation off British leyland

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51
Q

what did the failing of the social contract to limit wage demands in 1975 lead to

A

introduction of a more formal pay restraint policy which caused party divisions to intensify further

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52
Q

what did the poor balance of payments in 1976 cause

A

pressure on sterling and led to concerns that britain did not have enough currency in reserve to support it

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53
Q

when did the gov receive the IMF loan and how much

A

dec 1976- £3bn to make big spending cuts

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54
Q

what was unemployment at in 1978

A

1.6m

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55
Q

what was the purpose of Wilsons policy of appeasement 1974-76

A

wanted voters to think labour was better equipped than conservatives to deal with TUs

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56
Q

what did wilson negotiate with the TUC in 1973

A

social contract: voluntary pay restraint by unions in return for repealing the industrial relations act

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57
Q

what did the agreement with the NUM lead to

A

end of 3 day week although large wage increases to end disputes led to inflation

58
Q

what was introduced in 1975

A

a more formal pay restraint policy as social contract wasn’t limiting wage demands which angered left-wingers in the Labour Party

59
Q

what did Callaghans speech in 1976 say and lead to

A

warning ‘cosy world’ where gov could ensure full employment was gone

grew divisions in labour party

60
Q

When was the Winter of Discontent?

A

1978-1979

61
Q

what happened in the winter of discontent 1978

A

TUC rejected labours proposal of wage increase limit of 5%

Encouraged TUs to make higher demands- ford lorry drivers got 15% increase in December after 9 week strike

not as bad as 1974

62
Q

who striked in the winter of discontent

A

lorry drivers, train drivers, hospital porters, clerical staff, dustmen, grave diggers

63
Q

how did the WoD come to an end in 1979

A

average wage increase of 10% but devastating impact on public mood

64
Q

what were the effects of the winter of discontent

A

reputation of TUs damaged

even without vote of no confidence over devolution that brought down gov, many think labour would’ve lost anyway

65
Q

when was the 15 day strike in NI in protest against sunningdale

A

may 1974. Power sharing collapsed on 28th may and wilson was forced to impose direct rule

66
Q

what was introduced to reintroduce the power-sharing principle

A

1974: Constitutional convention- introduced by Northern Ireland

67
Q

when was the prevention of terrorism act passed and why

A

late 1974 as a response to Guildford and Birmingham pub bombing by IRA- gave police and authorities extended powers of search and arrest

68
Q

when was the constitutional convention dissolved by the British government

A

1976

69
Q

what did the British gov do to maintain hard policy towards terrorism 1976

A

withdrew “special category status” so terrorist prisoners were treated like ordinary criminals not political prisoners.

They refused to wear prison uniform and began blanket protest

70
Q

what did the blanket protests escalate to in 1978

A

dirty protest where they refused to leave their cells and smeared exccretement up their walls

71
Q

how many prisoners were taking part in the protest in 1979

A

250

72
Q

1970’s were seen as the high point for second wave feminism. What were the 2 different ideologies?

A

radical feminists believed women were oppressed by patriarchal society and campaigned on issues such as reproductive rights.

Social feminists identified a class dimension to inequality and campaigned on issues that would lead to female financial independence

73
Q

when did the TUC publish a charter, equality for women within TU?

A

not until 1979 as the TU was dominated by men and was believed that women in the workplace would suppress mens wages

74
Q

why didn’t the equal pay act solve all problems

A

employers could make tasks slightly different and not comparable to avoid paying women the same as men

75
Q

when was the equality opportunities commission set up and what was it for

A

1975- to oversee implementation and enforcement of equal pay act and sex discrimination act

76
Q

was the equality opportunities commission successful?

A

only 9 investigations between 1976-83 and only 10% of workplace sex discrimination claims were successful

77
Q

when was the first women’s liberation meeting and what did it do

A

1970 and disrupted 1970 miss world contest bc it objectified women

78
Q

what did the women lib demonstrations in London and Liverpool 1971 demand

A

equal pay for women and 24hr free nurseries

79
Q

what was the pill available through the NHS

A

1971

80
Q

when could women take out a mortgage without a male guarantor

A

1971

81
Q

When did the Equal Pay Act come into force?

A

1975

82
Q

When was the Sex Discrimination Act passed?

A

1975 to end discrimination against men or women on the basis of gender or marital status

83
Q

what could the equality opportunities commission do

A

bring court proceedings against any parties not complying with either the equal pay act or sex discrimination act

84
Q

why was the equality opportunities communities commission not successful

A

only 10% claims successful and 9 investigations carried out between 1976-1983

85
Q

when was the employment protection act and what did it introduce

A

1975-paid maternity leave and outlawed dismissal on the grounds of pregnancy

86
Q

when was the first rape crisis centre opened

A

1976 in London

87
Q

when was the domestic violence act and what did it allow

A

1976- made it possible for women to take out restraining orders against violent partners

88
Q

when was the reclaim the night marches held

A

1977 in response to Yorkshire ripper murders

89
Q

how did women wages increase

A

1970- 59% of mens wages to 1977- 70% of mens wages

90
Q

when was international women’s day established

A

1977

91
Q

what was the general attitude to race relations in this period

A

tensions increased further leading to a rise in national front activity- marches and demonstrations in areas where there were high numbers of immigrants.

Significant rise in assaults and robberies against asian and afrocarribean ppl

distrust of police and their treatment of ethnic minorities

92
Q

what did the rise in national front activity lead to

A

other groups being set up to counteract their racist attitudes and western culture drew on reggae and ska influences

93
Q

When was the Immigration Act?

A

1971

94
Q

what did the immigration act do

A

restricted the right of people from the new commonwealth from coming to britain- they needed to have guaranteed job and at least one grandparent in britain

95
Q

how many immigrants arrived in britain by 1974?

A

1 million new commonwealth: 325,000 from West Indies, 435,000 from India and Pakistan, 150,000 from Africa

96
Q

what showed a low political representation of immigrants

A

1974 London borough council elections, only 10 non white councillors elected

97
Q

how many candidates did the national front put up in the general election feb 1974

A

90

98
Q

When was the Race Relations Act passed?

A

1976

99
Q

What did the Race Relations Act do?

A

established commission for racial equality which had power to instigate investigations and compel witnesses to appear in front of it

100
Q

how many members did the national front have in 1976

A

20,000

101
Q

when was the rock against racism and what was it in response to

A

1976- comments made by Eric Clapton in support of enoch powell

102
Q

how many black police officers in 1976

A

only 70 out of a total force of 20,000

103
Q

what happened at the 1976 notting hill carnival

A

riots broke out and 300 ppl injured which led to event being banned

104
Q

what was the national front described as in 1977

A

Britains fourth biggest political party

105
Q

When was the Anti-Nazi League set up?

A

1977 to combat National front violence

106
Q

what did the youth subcultures reflect

A

social, political and economic battles of the 1970’s

107
Q

what were the youth subcultures

A

skinheads

football hooligans

punks

108
Q

what were the skinheads increasingly linked to

A

national front and football hooliganism

109
Q

what were the football hooligans

A

organised groups linked to particular football clubs. problems worsened over decade as violence at football became so common it was known as the English disease

110
Q

what were the punks

A

movement began 1975-6 and was influenced by bands in the USA

111
Q

what were British punk bands

A

sex pistols, the clash, the damned and the Buzzcocks. played loud, fast guitar music with words shouted over the top. punks aimed to shock

112
Q

what was punk fashion

A

bondage gear, safety pins, ripped t shirts, spiky hair.

113
Q

what was punk music like

A

often violent scuffles at concerts and people spitting at each other. sex pistols swore on live TV. released controversial single “god save the queen” during silver jubilee year 1977, BBC refused to pay but still charted no.2

114
Q

what was the year 1970 announced to be

A

year of European conservation

115
Q

where did the environmental pressure group friends of the earth expand to in 1971

A

britain, France and Sweden

116
Q

when and where was Greenpeace founded

A

1971 in Vancouver, Canada

117
Q

what did teddy goldsmith publish in 1972

A

blueprint for survival which advocated a return to self-sufficiency and a de-industrialised society

118
Q

when was the peoples party set up

A

1973

119
Q

what protests were carried out in 1973

A

animal rights protests carried out violent attacks on pharmaceutical laboratories

120
Q

what happened in the peoples party in 1975

A

changed name ecology party

121
Q

how many candidates were put up in the peoples party in 1979

A

53

122
Q

why was there outrage in 1975

A

discovered that beagles in laboratories were being forced to smoke cigarettes to study effects

123
Q

when was the animal liberation front formed

A

1976

124
Q

When was Greenpeace UK formed?

A

1977

125
Q

where was there a partial nuclear meltdown in 1979

A

three mile island, New York which increased anxieties

126
Q

how many nuclear power station incidents between 1957-79

A

5 incidents at nuclear power station sellafield on cumbrian coast

127
Q

what became popular in 1979

A

David Attenboroughs life on earth series

128
Q

what are the aims of foreign policy in this period

A

join EEC and consolidate European position

Heath less keen to focus on special relationship but wilson and Callaghan saw is as crucial for holding back communism during cold war

as detente progressed, develop relationship with key communist countries (USSR, CHINA)

129
Q

when was Britains 3rd application to join the EEC

A

1971

130
Q

why was it definite britain would be accepted to the EEC this time

A

heath was pro-europa and de gaulle was replaced by George Pompidou who was convinced eec needed britain as much as britain needed the eec. All detailed arrangements were in place bc of heaths previous negotiations in 1962

131
Q

when did britain join the EEC

A

1973- 69 rebel labour MP’s helped the cons gov to win the approval vote in parliament

132
Q

when was the referendum on British membership of the EEC

A

1975- wilson promised labour MP’s to hold the party together. Voters in favour of staying in eec bc of economic mess britain was in, ppl thought it was essential for britain to survive

133
Q

what was heaths stance on the special relationship

A

did not want US to use britain as a link to Europe and said they should negotiate with the EEC as a whole, but was more supportive of US policy in Vietnam than wilson had been

134
Q

how did the withdrawal of troops from east Suez 1971 onwards affect the US

A

made them feel like they were being left to deal with global security by themselves

135
Q

how did the 1973 Yom Kippur war strain the relationship

A

US wanted to use NATO bases to airlift supplies to Israel. Britain and other European states refused permission bc they were worried that supplies of oil from Middle East would be put at risk

136
Q

when was the replacement of Polaris w trident

A

1979- Callaghans strong relationship w America led to a negotiation of new nuclear deterrent w president jimmy Carter

137
Q

1970 Detente

A

US and USSR held a series of meetings and agreed to limit the build-up of arms

138
Q

what was the 1978 Markov affair

A

Bulgarian defector assassinated in London w a poisonous pellet in an umbrella

139
Q

what did the 1979 soviet invasion of Afghanistan do

A

brought detente pretty much to an end as west did not want USSR having influence in oil rich Middle East

140
Q

what happened In the 1970’s in china

A

abandonment of support of Taiwan and recognition of PRC as legitimate government

141
Q

when did heath visit PRC

A

1974 after he left government- first major British politician to do so. followed americas lead as Nixon did it in 1972

142
Q

what happened between 1974-79

A

labour signed trade and diplomatic agreements with PRC. October 1979 Hua Guofeng visited britain as part of European tour- first visit to britain of a Chinese leader since the communist revolution

history britain (6 decks)

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