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1964-1970 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was in power 1964-1970

A

Harold wilson

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2
Q

Why did Labour win the 1964 election?

A

labour presented a younger and more modern image

more unity in the party after 1960

Wilsons personal appeal to electorate

Wilsons election campaign with focus on “white heat” of technology

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3
Q

why did Wilson appeal to the electorate

A

state-educated

smoked a pipe

seen as classless

yorkshire accent

skilful and relaxed tv performer

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4
Q

why did the conservatives lose the 1964 election

A

they were in power for 13yrs “time for change”

Scandals- Profumo affair- old and out of touch

sackings- night of long knives 1962 dented public confidence

economic issues- unemployment 800000 in 1963, huge public spending cuts

rejection of EEC application 1963

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5
Q

positive economic indicators

A

gov survived sterling crises of 1965 and 1966

roy Jenkins was successful chancellor of Exechequr from 1967-70

1969 balance of payments surplus achieved

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6
Q

how was roy Jenkins a successful chancellor of the Exchequer

A

he raised taxes and tightened gov spending

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7
Q

what countries was Britain lagging behind in 1964

A

west Germany and Japan

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8
Q

what was the inherited deficit in 1964

A

£800m

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9
Q

why was the cabinet dithered over how to solve the economy

A

did not want to deflate or devalue as they were worried about not meeting the manifesto commitments and weakening Britain globally

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10
Q

What was the DEA set up to do

A

try and establish national economic planning but conflict with treasury led to it failing in 1967

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11
Q

when was the prices and incomes policy and what did it lead to

A

1966 led to strikes and sterling crisis

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12
Q

What was the prices and incomes policy?

A

Government intervention to set limits on price rises and to call for wage restraint in negotiations between unions and employers

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13
Q

what affected the balance of payments in 1967

A

Middle East war and national dock strike (seaman strike)

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14
Q

what did the Middle East war and the seaman strike cause the gov to do

A

to devalue pound- its value dropped by 14%

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15
Q

when was the second EEC application rejected

A

1967

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16
Q

what was inflation running at 1969-70

A

12%

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17
Q

by 1970 what was Britain still stuck in

A

stop-go cycle

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18
Q

what are wildcat strikes

A

Sudden, unofficial local disputes begun without reference to the national leadership

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19
Q

what did George brown and DEA try to establish

A

voluntary agreement about wages and prices with industrialists, TU leaders and civil servants- need to get restraint so inflation won’t rise so no need for controls

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20
Q

Was Browns and DEA’s plan successful?

A

DEA came to nothing, Prices and income policy introduced and led to strikes by seamen and dockers (wildcat)

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21
Q

what was the outcome of the strikes being defeated

A

left ppl shocked w how critical of strikers Wilson was

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22
Q

When was “In Place of Strife”?

A

1969

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23
Q

What was ‘In Place of Strife’?

A

proposed act to use the law to reduce the power of trade unions- used to limit wildcat strikes

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24
Q

what were some of the terms that the TU’s didn’t accept

A

28 day cooling off period

gov imposed settlements between disputing unions

strike ballots

industrial relations court

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25
Q

what did the terms the TU’s didn’t accept cause

A

a split in the Labour Party (left of party hated idea) and led to protests from major TU leaders (Jack jones)

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26
Q

support for abandoning in place of strife

A

could cause controversy (political suicide)

keep good relations w TU

avoid splitting Labour Party

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27
Q

support for pushing through in place of strife

A

show control (wildcat strikes)

stop destruction

stop unnecessary protests

weaken TU’s

strengthen economy

voters like idea

TUC negotiated face-saving compromise but was humiliating climbdown by gov

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28
Q

when were the seamen strikes

A

1966

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29
Q

what did seamen strikes cause

A

sterling crisis

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30
Q

why did the seamen strike

A

worked too many hours for too little pay

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31
Q

what did Wilson do that united the left and right of the party

A

concentration on technological modernisation and minimised underlying tensions (eg. Clause IV)

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32
Q

what did wilson fear

A

face a leadership challenge from brown, Callaghan or Jenkins

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33
Q

issues w brown

A

resentment for losing leadership election to wilson

disappointed he was foreign secretary in 1964

rumours that Wilson kept record of browns embarrassing incidents

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34
Q

issues w Jenkins

A

didn’t support Jenkins liberalising legislation

Jenkins suggestion for devaluation after seaman strikes made Wilson think he was trying to replace him

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35
Q

why can Wilson be critiqued

A

his attention was devoted to keeping party united and stop his colleagues from threatening his position

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36
Q

what does “the troubles” describe

A

cycle of violence from 1960 to 1990 from conflict between nationalists and unionists

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37
Q

dates of anglo-irish war (Irish war of independence)

A

1919-1921

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38
Q

what did the 1921 treaty lead to

A

partition between Southern Ireland and six countries in ulster which became Northern Ireland

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39
Q

define partition

A

separation of NI from the rest of Ireland

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40
Q

Define ulster

A

the 6 countys which became NI

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41
Q

Define ulster unionists

A

supporters of the union of England Wales Scotland and northern Ireland

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42
Q

define nationalists/republicans

A

supporters of independence for a united Ireland (whole)

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43
Q

who are the IRA (Irish republican army)

A

organisation that fought for independence in Irish war of independence (didn’t like partition of Ireland)

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44
Q

who was Sinn Fein

A

main catholic republican political party of Ireland and NI

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45
Q

what did the 1964 civil right movement cause

A

challenged discrimination against catholics in terms of housing, employment and electoral boundaries

Tensions rose- unionists feared IRA would set up violent campaign so they set up their own paramilitary organisation to defend the union of GB and NI

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46
Q

when was the NI civil rights association (NICRA) founded and what did it do

A

1967- condemned political corruption and called for fair distribution of resources across whole population

47
Q

what happened in the 1968 civil rights marches

A

catholic nationalists held marches to protest against discrimination

attacked by protestant loyalists

Catholics complained RUC didnt protect them

viewed as official start of troubles

48
Q

what happened in battle of bog side 1969

A

loyalist apprentice boys did their annual march in derry

attacked by catholic nationalists in bog side (catholic area)

RUC attempt to storm bogside

held back by 2 days of rioting

RUC seen on TV beating catholics

Mass rioting in country

49
Q

when did the first deaths occur in NI

A

summer 1969

50
Q

what happened in aug 1969 when British army went to northern Ireland

A

initially welcomed by catholics

IRA targeted British troops as representatives of a hated imperialist government (root of all problems)

51
Q

Why did Labour lose the 1970 election?

A

economic problems

gov had to devalue in 1967- trapped in stop go

problems with TU

in place of strife exposed divisions and tensions

left of labour dissatisfied w consensus policies

social problems and poverty not ended

52
Q

define liberal

A

political and social philosophy advocating individual rights, civil liberties, democracy and free enterprise

53
Q

Who was Roy Jenkins?

A

labour Home Secretary from 1965

54
Q

roy Jenkins social aims

A

lessen state intervention

liberalising rules

encourage the arts

improve living conditions

make towns prettier

55
Q

Define ‘free votes’

A

MP’s cam vote according to their opinion rather than following party

56
Q

define private members bills

A

proposed legislation from backbencher MP’s

57
Q

describe liberalising legislation

A

end of capital punishment

divorce reform

legalisation of abortion

legalisation of homosexual relations

educational reform

58
Q

describe capital punishment

A

anti-hanging campaign- boost from Ruth Ellis case, murdered unfaithful lover

1965- hanging abolished 5yr trial period

permanent in 1969

Jenkins refused to authorise beating prisoners

did not reduce no. of violent crimes/murders

59
Q

describe divorce reform act 1969

A

before 1960, to divorce had to prove adultery (rich used cameras, others impossible to divorce)

couples could divorce if lived apart for 2 yrs and both wanted to or lived apart 5yrs and one wanted to

1950- 2 per 1000 divorce

by mid 1970- 10 in 1000

60
Q

what was abortion like before it was legalised

A

between 100,000 and 200,000 illegal abortions performed yearly

35,000 women admitted to hospitals w complications

1958-60, 82 died from backstreet abortions

61
Q

what swayed public opinion ab abortion

A

thalidomide disaster 1959-62

drug described to pregnant women for morning sickness found to cause deformities in children

62
Q

what did the abortion act permit and what were the effects

A

legal termination of pregnancy in first 28 weeks under medical supervision and consent of 2 doctors

only justification needed was mental suffering

1968- 4 per 100 births

1975- 17.6 per 100

63
Q

describe homosexual relations

A

up to 1960, imprisonment for 2 years

cons gov rejected wolfenden recommendation to decriminalise homosexualit

1967 sexual offences act decriminalised homosexuality when both partners consented, over 21, in private

“in private” interpreted as no one else in building- not end of prosecutions for homosexual practices (flats etc)

64
Q

describe educational reform

A

development of comprehensive schools

expansion of Higher education

open university

65
Q

describe comprehensive schools

A

by 1960, tripartite system seen as divisive, secondary pupils seen as 11+ failures

LEA established comp schools- same opportunities as everyone-learn own pace and take exams

by 1964, 1 in 10 pupils in comprehensive schools

1965 Tony crosland became minister of education speeded up process

issued circular 10/65 requesting schools to convert to comp schools

1970, 1145 comp schools

middle class parents turned to direct grant schools so truly comp system was flawed

66
Q

describe expansion of higher education

A

fears Britain was slipping behind in science and tech ed

too many students followed art related courses

expanded higher education:

  • polytechnics replaced college of tech
  • 9 college of advanced tech became full unis
  • new unis were founded eg. bath, Sussex, Surrey

by 1968, 30 polytechnics and 56 unis

67
Q

describe open university

A

established in 1969

equal opportunities in education- offered degree level learning in arts and sciences

rapid success

attracted mature women and the disadvantaged

by 1980, open uni had 70,000 students and awarding more degrees than Oxford and Cambridge combined

68
Q

describe mass media

A

Tv overtook cinema as entertainment

by 1961, 75% had TV by 1971, it was 91%

1960, Hugh Greene became director general of BBC, guidelines on nudity and swearing revised

1955 launch of ITV allowed advertising to expand

BBC2 launched 1964 allowing BBC1 to grow populist

1967 BBC2 became first to broadcast colour

earphones meant teens could listen to what they want

teens listened to pop music from pirate stations 1964

when banned, listened to Radio One

The sun launched in 1964 and associated w permissive attitudes

69
Q

describe growth in leisure

A

1969, tv accounted for 23% of leisure time

DIY, gardening became popular

by 1974, car journeys accounted for 77% of travel

buses and trains less used

shopping became leisure thru advertisement

holidays increased from 1951-27m to 1971-41m

brittania airways founded 1964-cost for middle classes

package holidays 4% in 1966 to 8.4% in 1971

70
Q

describe scientific development

A

1961 first person in space

1969 US landed on the moon

anglo-french partnership developed supersonic Concorde aircraft

1965 post office tower opened to improve telecommunications

71
Q

describe reduction in censorship

A

new plays had to gain licence from lord chamberlains to perform

theatre owners prosecuted if play not approved

George Strauss made bill to abolish theatrical censorship, made law 1968- nudity on stage

13 members of cast “Hair” stood naked 30sec in 1968

films remained subject to censorship by British board of film censors

thru 1960’s, issues of sex,violence, politics and religion were shown on TV-previously banned for public broadcasting

72
Q

when did second wave feminism start

A

Betty Friednam published feminine mystique 1963- women unfulfilled w restricted lives-spread to Britain

women accounted for 28% of students in Uni 1970 and 5% reached managerial posts

73
Q

what stayed the same even after feminism

A

women left school minimum age and married young

working women portrayed as selfish

74
Q

what did the 1967 national health service act allow

A

local authorities to provide contraceptives for the first time

75
Q

how did the no. of illegitimate births change

A

rose from 5.8% in 1960 to 8.2% in 1970

76
Q

when was the establishment of the women’s national coordination committee

A

1969

77
Q

what were the 4 demands made at national women’s liberation conference in feb 1970

A

equal pay

free contraception and abortion on request

equal education and job opportunities

free 24hr childcare

78
Q

what acts liberated women

A

1970 matrimonial property act- work of wife should be taken into consideration in divroce

1970 equal pay act but didn’t come into force for 5yrs

79
Q

what did the advertisement of labour saving devices do to women

A

reinforced the female role as a housewife

80
Q

what did critics think of the permissive society

A

decline in conventional moral standards encouraged by the contraceptive pill, spread of mass media and enactment of liberal legislation

81
Q

How were permissive ideas spread?

A

media and uncensored novels

82
Q

when was the national viewers and listeners association made

A

1965

83
Q

Was the national viewers and listeners association effective?

A

100,000 members but failed to have impact on programmes shown

84
Q

describe drug culture

A

cocaine and heroin addiction became 10x more prevalent in first half of 1960’s and the use of soft drugs linked to the “hippy lifestyle” “flower power” “free love”

Beatles took LSD

85
Q

what made it unlawful to possess drugs such as cannabis and cocaine

A

1967 dangerous drugs act

86
Q

what was the 1968 wootton report and was it accepted

A

suggested legalising soft drugs like cannabis but rejected by Home Secretary

87
Q

what was the maximum sentence for supplying drugs in 1970

A

14 years

88
Q

what caused the youth to become inclined to question the norm and asset its right to make choices

A

increased living standards

spread of education

growth of leisure time

89
Q

what did young people clash with their parents over

A

music, fashion, morals, sex and drugs

90
Q

what was used more than illegal drugs

A

alcohol, tobacco and caffeine

91
Q

what did a 1969 survey show

A

young people spent more time listening to music in their bedrooms than at youth clubs or music festivals

92
Q

describe youth in terms of fashion

A

London became fashion capital of the world

ppl wore same outfit from work to go out in evening- break from traditional dressing rules

women wore trousers, men wore velvets, satins and bright colours

changing fashions masked old divisions between the sexes and social classes

93
Q

describe youth in terms of music

A

Pirate radio stations/ radio one 1967

TV programmes spread the latest trends eg ready, steady go! (1963) and top of the pops (1964)

cheap plastic record players made music available to all

94
Q

what subcultures of youth emerged

A

skinheads- shaved heads, braces, dr marten boots, working class, Jamaican music and culture

Hippies- rejected social conventions and establishment attitudes. Embraced “flower power” emphasis on environmentalism, free love and peace

95
Q

describe the rise of anti-war protests

A

1965 Oxford uni and London school of economics began teaching ab Vietnam

1966 vietnam solidarity campaign set up

17 march 1968 violent scenes at an anti-vietnams war demonstration in london

28 march 1968 200ppl arrested in violent protest known as battle of Grosvenor square

oct 1968 30,000 ppl protested peacefullu

1968 more anti-war protests also linked to demand for more student power

96
Q

what is the general attitude towards race relations in this period

A

tensions increased bc of rivers of blood speech

labour tried to legislate against discrimination but had limited success

some ppl embraced multiculturalism: Chinese takeaways, youth culture w ethnic music, fashion and street life hippies wore Indian and African cottons, scarves and ethnic beads

97
Q

what did the 1965 survey in north London show

A

20% objected w working w black or asian ppl

50% refuse to live next-door to black person

90% disapproved of mixed marriages

98
Q

What did the 1965 Race Relations Act do?

A

legislated against discrimination in public places

99
Q

what did the 1968 race realtions act introduce?

A

This act banned racial discrimination in housing, employment, insurance and other services• The race relations board was given stronger powers

100
Q

what did the 1968 commonwealth immigration act do

A

limited right of return to Britain for non-white commonwealth citizens as a response to the influx of Kenyan asians

101
Q

what were the problems shown In the rivers of blood speech

A

too many commonwealth immigrants and white ppl will become minority

102
Q

what were the solutions suggested in the rivers of blood speech

A

stop further inflow and promote maximum outflow, encouragement of re-immigration

103
Q

what was the response to enoch Powells speech in 1968

A

condemned by liberal establishment but led to strikes by dockers and meat porters and a protest march to Downing Street from those who supported him: 75% of population according to Gallup poll

104
Q

what are the main aims of foreign policy in this period

A

continue decolonisation and reduce military commitments overseas

make the “special relationship” closer and stronger

join EEC

105
Q

what was the 1965 unilateral declarance of independence for Rhodesia

A

not prepared to abide by winds of change and accept majority rule so Ian smith (new prime minister of Rhodesia) declared independence from britain

106
Q

what happened at the 1966 HMS tiger meeting

A

wilson and smith met and seemed to make progress until smith went home and went back on everything he said

107
Q

how was smith growing in strength in 1967-68

A

despite britain imposing oil sanctions, Rhodesia got oil from Mozambique and South Africa continued to trade w Rhodesia

108
Q

what were the 1967 white paper on defence withdrawals from east of Suez

A

aden, Middle East, Malaysia, Singapore were to lose stationed troops by end of 1971 to save money

109
Q

how did the 1964 onwards Vietnam war affect the relationship

A

caused a strain in relationship. US wanted military support but Wilson was in a tricky situation. Britain couldn’t afford military involvement and war was unpopular at home. Wilson needed US support for the value of sterling and to avoid devaluation. UK provided moral but no military support

110
Q

what was the 1967 continuation of Polaris

A

kept nuclear deterrent despite cost and there was a commitment to upgrade the system

111
Q

what was the split in 1964 ab the need to join the EEC

A

labour left saw it as a club for capitalists which would prevent britain from following socialist policies. Wilson himself preferred to prioritise Atlantic alliance and commonwealth but saw economic reasons for joining

112
Q

when did the cabinet agree to support new application

A

1966 but joining poor bc of de Gaulle

113
Q

how did Wilson try to gain support for joining EEC

A

jan 1967 wilson and George brown met de Gaulle in Paris and tour other EEC countries

114
Q

Why did De Gaulle veto UK application?

A

nov 1967- britain wouldn’t agree to detach itself from the special relationship

history britain (6 decks)

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