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History- Quest for civil Rights > 1960s civil rights movement > Flashcards

1960s civil rights movement Flashcards

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1
Q

How was SNCC leadership different?

A

-SNCC rejected MLK top down leadership

-Focused on empowering local black communities
e.g held citizenship classes

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2
Q

What were Freedom Rides + date

A

1961- CORE and the SNCC also joined
-a small integrated group travelled the South to test SC rulings against segregation in interstate transport

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3
Q

Freedom rides result (2)

A

-White racists attacked the Freedom riders and burned their buses as Anniston and Alabama

-Attorney General Robert Kennedy began working to implement SC rulings

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4
Q

When was Birmingham and what happened

A

Birmingham (1963)
-MLK used children to protest
-Televised scenes
-Encouraged JFK to promote the Civil Rights bill

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5
Q

What was the March on Washington + date

A

1963
-Designed to publicise black economic and social inequality
-250,000 people attended and MLK “I have a dream”

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6
Q

Presidential actions that helped bring about the 1964 Civil Rights Act

A

-JFK’s death
-Johnson’s determination and legislative skills

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7
Q

Limitations of the 1964 Civil Rights Act

A

Did little to facilitate black voting

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8
Q

What was Selma + date(…)

A

1965
-Selma march to ensure right to vote
-Culminated in ‘Bloody Sunday’
-Encourages sympathetic interracial marches and the passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act

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9
Q

BA unemployment statistics

A

-BA constituted 46% of America’s unemployed

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10
Q

What was the Nation of Islam (2)

A
  • Black separatist religion,
  • Emphasised economic self-help
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11
Q

What was King’s Northern strategy

A

-Chicago Freedom Campaign 1966
-Hoped to bring about ghetto improvements and draw media attention to discrimination in housing

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12
Q

Who established the Black Panthers + date

A

-Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in 1966

-Black power advocates

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13
Q

Black Panther Ghetto improvements (2)

A

-Established clinics which gave health, welfare and legal advice
-Followed police cars to expose police brutality in the ghettos

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14
Q

What led to the decline of the Black Panthers (2)

A

-Successful targeting of the Black Panthers by the authorities between 1967-69

-Internal divisions

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15
Q

What did the 1964 Civil Rights Act do (4)

A
  • Ended de jure segregation in the South
  • Prohibited discrimination in public places
  • Furthered school desegregation
  • Established and Equal Employment Commission
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16
Q

Limitation of the 1964 Act?

A

-Did little to facilitate black voting
-BA in North and Western ghettos considered the Act insufficiently helpful; continued to suffer poverty and discrimination

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17
Q

What did the 1965 Act do (..)

A
  • Made literacy tests illegal
  • Made ‘constitutional interpretation’ tests illegal
  • Replaced white registrars with federally approved officials
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18
Q

Other legislation that helped BA? (2)

A

1965 Education Act
- Great Society Programmes contributed to fall in black unemployment/ black poverty

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19
Q

What did Education Act 1965 do?

A

-Speeded up school desegregation and helped black colleges

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20
Q

Great Society Programme statistics benefitting BA(..)

A

-Contributed to a 34% fall in black unemployment
-25% fall in black Americans living below the poverty line

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21
Q

Black housing limitation

A

-Congress rejected Johnson’s bill to prohibit discrimination in housing and rental sales

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22
Q

LBJ executive action to increase affirmative action

A

Executive Order 11246
-Any institution receiving federal funding had to employ more non-whites

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23
Q

Problems of Native Americans (3)

A

-Poor housing and education
-Unemployment ranging from 20-80%
-Suffered from high rates of suicide and alcoholism

24
Q

How were Native Americans inspired by black activism and achievements (3)

A

-National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) modelled upon the NAACP
-Black power movement inspired a Red Power movement
-By 1961, younger generation of Native Americans established the National Indian Youth Council

25
Q

Nature of Native American campaigns for minority rights (2)

A

-More conservative Native American activists long emulated the NAACP litigation strategy
-Red Power activists used direct action, ‘fish ins’

26
Q

Example of Native American litigation

A

1973- Northern Cheyenne of Montana won a federal court victory enabling a renegotiation of rights on their reservation

27
Q

‘Fish-in’ details

A
  • NIYC staged a fish-in in Washington state to remind white Americans of Native American treaty rights 1964
28
Q

AIM monitoring police racism

A

-When monitoring police racism, Native American population in local jails fell by 60%

29
Q

Example of native american campaign receiving nationwide media coverage

A

-1973 AIM occupation of the village of Wounded Knee

30
Q

Native Americans legislative success + what did it do

A
  • 1968 Civil Rights Act contained an ‘Indian Bill of Rights’
  • Facilitated NA access to better social services
31
Q

Criticism of the Indian Bill of Rights (2)

A
  • Encouraged dependency culture
  • Some resented federal government interference in tribal affairs
32
Q

Why did Hispanic campaigns emerge (3)

A

-Inspired by black civil rights movement
-general atmosphere of the ‘decade of protest’
-economic and social problems

33
Q

Mexican American organisation that litigated

A

LULAC- League of United Latin American Citizens

34
Q

Methods used by the Hispanic civil rights movement (2)

A

-Continued litigation campaigns

-Union activity continued

35
Q

First Puerto Rican elected to US Congress

A

1971- Herman Badillo of NYC

36
Q

Cesar Chavez union creation

A

1965- farmworkers unions merged to create the United Farm Workers (UFW)

37
Q

What do the UFW do in 1966

A

-UFW-organised national grape boycott, supported at one time by 17 million Americans

-Non-violent demonstrations against the mistreatment of farm workers

38
Q

Result of UFW campaigns (2)

A

-1970 grape growers agreed to sign union contracts
-1975 California passed labour-friendly legislation

39
Q

How was the Chicano movement influenced by black activism

A
  • The Brown Berets modelled themselves upon the Black Panthers (more militant nature)
40
Q

What did hispanic student activists establish

A

1967- Mexican-American Youth Organisation (MAYO)

41
Q

What did MAYO campaign? (3)

A

-Against segregation
-Police brutality
-Inferior education

42
Q

What did MAYO encourage

A

-School walkouts- e.g. 1968, amount 10,000 Mexican students in LA high schools staged walkouts or ‘Blowouts’

43
Q

Chicano movement success (3)

A

-Put Mexican needs more firmly on the national political agenda
-National and local government responded with greater aid
-Encouraged pride in Hispanic culture/ education

44
Q

Chicano movement shortcomings

A

-Many Mexican americans rejected Chicano militancy, feared it was strengthening the Republican Party
-Chicano support for illegal immigration alienated the UFW members (illegals accepted lower wages)

45
Q

What was established in 1951

A

First Mattachine Society to promote greater tolerance

46
Q

How was the gay rights movement influenced by black activism

A

More open and assertive gay rights movement in the younger generation-
Felt that the Mattachine Societies were insufficiently assertive

47
Q

When were the Stonewall riots + what were they

A

1969, homosexual fought back against police harassment, triggering 5 days of rioting in which hundreds participated

48
Q

Stonewall riots effect (3)

A
  • Signalled new and increased gay group consciousness and assertiveness
  • Slowly changing public attitudes
    BUT
  • Gay rights in legislation of homosexual acts and freedom from discrimination had not yet been attained
49
Q

What did the 1973 Supreme Court acknowledge

A

identifiable ethnic minority with a past pattern of discrimination

50
Q

What did the 1974 Equal Opportunities Act do

A

Increased spending in bilingual education

51
Q

When was homosexuality removed from the American Psychiatric Institute’s list of psychiatric disorders

A

1973, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) removed the diagnosis of “homosexuality”

52
Q

What did the Gay liberation front do?

A

Encouraged people to come out and gay pride marches to increase visibility 1969

53
Q

First openly gay congressman

A

Harvey Milk 1977

54
Q

Native American direct action in the 1970s

A

Trail of Broken Treaties 1973

55
Q

What did the Trail of Broken Treaties advocate for

A

demand redress for years of failed and destructive federal Indian policies

56
Q

Native American education act

A

Indian Education Act 1972

History- Quest for civil Rights (3 decks)

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