1955-80 Black Americans

Question 1

When was Rosa Parks arrested

Answer 1

1955

Question 2

When was the Montgomery Bus boycott

Answer 2

1955-56

Question 3

What did the boycott show

Answer 3

the potential power of non-violent and large scale direct action

Question 4

What led to the desegregation of buses

Answer 4

Browder v Gayle 1956

Question 5

What was Little Rock

Answer 5

1957- NAACP encouraged 9 black students to enrol in the newly desegregated school

Question 6

What did Little Rock achieve

Answer 6

SC ruling Cooper v Aaron 1958
-declared unconstitutional any law seeking to keep schools segregated

Question 7

Why was litigation becoming less effective

Answer 7

The Supreme Court lacked powers of enforcement

Question 8

Example of Supreme Court Ruling not being upheld

Answer 8

Shelly v Kraemer (1948)- ruled against discrimination in housing sales

Question 9

When were the Greensboro sit ins

Answer 9

1960

Question 10

How many students emulated the Greensboro sit ins

Answer 10

70,000

Question 11

What did the Greensboro sit ins encourage

Answer 11

150 cities to introduce some form of desegregation

Question 12

SNCC

Answer 12

Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee

Question 13

SCLC

Answer 13

Southern Christian Leadership Confrence

Question 14

What did the SNCC reject about the SCLC

Answer 14

Rejected MLK’s top-down leadership and focused on empowering black communities

Question 15

from 1961-64 what did the SNCC organise

Answer 15

Citizenship classes and assisted impoverished black share croppers in voter registration in the Mississippi Delta

Question 16

Who took part in Freedom Rides

Answer 16

CORE and SNCC in 1961

Question 17

What were the Freedom Rides

Answer 17

Small integrated group travelling the South to test Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate travel

Question 18

When was Birmingham

Answer 18

1963

Question 19

How was King’s approach in Birmingham unusual

Answer 19

*used children to protest to gain media attention
*Encouraged Kennedy to promote Civil Rights Bill

Question 20

When was the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedoms

Answer 20

1963

Question 21

Weakness in 1964 Civil Rights Act

Answer 21

did little to facilitate Black Voting

Question 22

When was Selma

Answer 22

1965- culminated in ‘Bloody Sunday’

Question 23

King’s failed Northern Strategy

Answer 23

1966 Chicago Freedom Campaign

Question 24

How did the SNCC and CORE demonstrate growing black radicalism (2)

Answer 24

• expelled whites in 1966 and 1968
• Declared non-violence inappropriate when BA needed to defend themselves

Question 25

Black Panthers ghetto improvement

Answer 25

established clinics in which advise was given on health, welfare and legal rights

Question 26

Who established the Black Panthers

Answer 26

Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in 1966

Question 27

What contributed to the decline in the Black Panthers in the 1970s (3)

Answer 27

-Shootouts -Successful targeting of authorities -internal divisions

Question 28

What did the 1964 Civil Rights Act do (2)

Answer 28

-ended de jure segregation -promoted greater equality in education and employment

Question 29

What did the 1965 Voting Rights Act do

Answer 29

Gave BA greater voting and political power

Question 30

Black Americans in Congress (3)

Answer 30

1959- 4 1969- 10 1980- 18

Question 31

BA mayors in major cities

Answer 31

*Detroit *LA *Washington DC *Atlanta *Birmingham

Question 32

Rate of Black voting by 1980

Answer 32

7% lower to that of whites

Question 33

Limitations to black political power in the 1980s

Answer 33

- Proportion of BA in Congress still disproportionate - Not proportionate increase in black elected officials

Question 34

Black senators 1967-79

Answer 34

-Only 1: Edward William Brooke III

Question 35

Supreme Court promoting racial equality by ruling that no redrawing of political boundaries should leave BME worse off in political representation

Answer 35

Beer vs United States 1976

Question 36

Supreme Court weakening the Voting Rights Act

Answer 36

City of Mobile v Bolden 1980 -made it harder to challenge discrimination voting laws

Question 37

% of desegregated schools

Answer 37

by 1974 % of segregated schools in the South went form 68% to 8%

Question 38

White Anti-Busing Group

Answer 38

ROAR- Restore Our Alienated Rights

Question 39

Legislation against busing

Answer 39

Milliken v Bradley 1974 1974/75 Democratic- controlled Congress approved anti-busing legislation

Question 40

1980 median black household income

Answer 40

Only 60% that of whites, similar to 1965

Question 41

Proportion of BA in poverty

Answer 41

33%- three times higher than whites