1947-67

Question 1

nationalist leader from the Malay Peninsula

Answer 1

Onn bin Ja’afar

Question 2

nationalist leaders from West Africa

Answer 2

Nigeria - Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe
GC - Kwame Nkrumah

Question 3

nationalist leader from East Africa

Answer 3

Jomo Kenyatta

Question 4

nationalist leader from South Africa

Answer 4

Nelson Mandela

Question 5

colonial administrator in Uganda

Answer 5

sir Andrew Cohen

Question 6

colonial administrator in Nigeria

Answer 6

sir John Macpherson

Question 7

colonial administrator in the Gold Coast

Answer 7

Sir Charles Arden-Clarke

Question 8

nationalist leader from Southern Uganda

Answer 8

Milton Obote

Question 9

why did decolonisation end up happening much more quickly than had been expected after WW2.?

Answer 9

• Changes in the international situation and Britain’s economic position after WW2​
• The rapid growth of nationalism in the empire​
• The effective leadership of nationalist politicians

Question 10

why did nationalism escalate?

Answer 10

• Increased educational opportunities for the indigenous peoples
• Indigenous elites had a better understanding of the wider world beyond the colony
• Wider indigenous population had an increased purchasing power
• Inflation increased
• Led to more dissatisfaction with imperial rule
• Resulted in the emergence of nationalist leaders prepared to challenge British domination.

Question 11

Onn bin Ja’afar of Malay Peninsula

Answer 11

Founded United Malays National Organisation (UMNO)

Question 12

Kwame Nkrumah - Gold Coast

Answer 12

• educated in a mission school and then U.S. and British universities where he was exposed to lots of political ideas.​
• believer in pan-Africanism and organised the 5th Pan-African Congress in Manchester​
• On his return to the Gold Coast he got involved in nationalist politics
• brief imprisonment in 1948
• became Prime Minister in 1953
• successfully negotiated Ghana’s independence.

Question 13

Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe

Answer 13

• Western education led to him developing a strong sense of nationalism​
• Created the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC)​
• In an ethnically divided region, he managed to forge a deal with the Northern People’s Congress (representing the Muslim north of Nigeria)​
• He persuaded the British that ethnic / religious divisions could be bridged and that an independent Nigeria was possible
• he negotiated a peaceful transition to independence.

Question 14

jomo Kenyatta

Answer 14

• educated at a Scottish missionary school​
• Already interested in politics he went to London in 1929 and stayed for 17 years​
• He returned to Kenya in 1946 and soon became an important figure in nationalist politics and a leader of the Kikuyu ​
• He was implicated (probably falsely) in the Mau Mau uprising and imprisoned but whilst in gaol he was elected leader of KANU (Kenya African National Union).​
• On his release, he began to negotiate independence
• achieved in 1963
• became Prime Minister and then President.

Question 15

milton Obote

Answer 15

• educated in a missionary school and then at Makarere university. ​
• He became politicised whilst working in Kenya.​
• On his return, he joined the Ugandan National Congress and was elected to the Colonial Legislative Council.​
• In 1962, he was appointed Prime Minister of an independent Uganda by the Governor-General, Sir Walter Coutts.

Question 16

nelson Mandela

Answer 16

• educated by missionaries
• became involved in politics while studying Law at university in South Africa. ​
• In 1944, he helped form the youth league of African National Congress.​
• In 1952 he was chosen to head the ‘Defiance Campaign’ of civil disobedience against unjust laws.​
• He was influenced by Marxism and joined the South African Communist Party and led the armed wing of the ANC.​
• He was imprisoned in 1962 and was eventually given a life sentence. ​
• He emerged as a great leader with the collapse of apartheid and became president of South Africa in 1994.

Question 17

sir Charles Arden Clarke

Answer 17

• Arrived in the Gold Coast in the aftermath of the 1948 Accra riots.
• Arden-Clarke released Nkrumah in 1951 and invited him to form a government.
• they developed a real feeling of friendship and partnership.
• It was this ability to form a close, personal relationship with Nkrumah that allowed Arden-Clarke to proceed peacefully to independence for the Gold Coast.
• Commentators at the time saw that Arden-Clarke was exactly what was needed from a colonial administrator at the time, paving the way for a peaceful transfer of power.
• He also managed any disagreements between Nkrumah and other Ashanti politicians who were worried they would be excluded in an independent Ghana.