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German History > 1924-33 > Flashcards

1924-33 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who were the 3 candidates for 1925 Presidential election?

A
  • Marx (centre)
  • Thalmann (communist)
  • Hindenburg (Right Wing)
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2
Q

What % of votes did every President candidate achieve?

A
  • Hind = 48.3%
  • Marx = 45.3%
  • Thalmann = 6.4%
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3
Q

How did the middle classes suffer 1924-29? (3)

A
  • Bankrupt by hyperinflation
  • White Collar workers did not enjoy the wage rises of industry, and they could not gain access to welfare
  • Had no clear political party e.g. SPD for working classes
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4
Q

What improved the lives of the working classes 1924-29? (4)

A
  • 1927, compulsory unemployment coverage covers 17 mil workers
  • Article 155 of constitution stated the German state must require ‘secure healthy housing’
    Meant 1924-31, over 2 mil houses were built
  • 1924 Arbitration scheme allowed workers to argue for more favourable working conditions before a neutral judge
  • National Income 12% higher 1928 than 1913
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5
Q

How did the lives of those in agriculture suffer? (3)

A
  • Global Grain surplus 1925-26 caused price slump
  • 1929: agricultural production is 3/4s of 1913 level
  • In the late 1920s, wages in agriculture were 44% lower
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6
Q

How many companies went bankrupt 1923 compared to 1924?

A 
1923 = 233
1924 = over 6,000
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7
Q

How did exports increase?

A

1920: 3.7 bil
1929: 13.5 bil

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8
Q

How many cartels were there in 1925?

A

3,000

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9
Q

What major cartel formed 1926?

Why was it major?

A

Vereinigte Stahlwerke
Controlled at least 40% of total iron and steel production
36% of coal production

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10
Q

What was the unemployment rate 1929?

A

3 million - 14.5% of workforce

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11
Q

How did social welfare improve? (2)

A
  • 1927, compulsory unemployment coverage covers 17 million workers
  • Public spending on housing increased. 1929 it is 33 x more than it was in 1913
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12
Q

How did the lives of the Elites become lessened 1924-29?

A
  • Weimar constituion removed all legal privileges of aristocracy.
  • Prussian Junker military were undermined by demilitarisation
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13
Q

How did the lives of youths improve?

A

1922 Youth Welfare Law meant every child had right to education

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14
Q

How did the lives of youths suffer?

A
  • Hit by high levels of unemployment and were drawn to the Nazi party.
  • ‘Wild cliquen’ of rebellious young men
  • Only 7% of secondary school students were working class 1930
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15
Q

What was a Rentmark worth?

A

I rentmark = 1 trillion marks

1 dollar = 4.2 rentmarks

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16
Q

What did the Dawes Plan state? (4)

A
  1. Ruhr returned to full control of Germans
  2. Reparations payments 1 billion in 1st year, then 2.5 annually
  3. Allies would supervise reconstruction of Reichsbank and take a degree of control of G’s central banking system
  4. G would receive a loan of 800 million gold marks from USA
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17
Q

When Schact took over the Reichsbank, what did the government stop doing? (3)

A
  • Stopped offering credit to industry
  • Lending rates controlled
  • New taxes on individuals and companies
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18
Q

What did Stresemann do September 1923?

A

Called off passive resistance in Ruhr, promised to resume reparations and established plans for new currency

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19
Q

Who did Stresemann appoint 1923 to oversee introduction of new currency?

A

Schact

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20
Q

How many votes did a party need to representation in Reichstag?

A

60,000

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21
Q

What parties did Weimar’s proportional system create?

A

Saxon Peasants

- 1928 election, achieved 0.4% of vote, yet had 2 seats

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22
Q

How did the Nazi party do in the 1928 election?

A

2.6% of vote and 12 seats

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23
Q

What developments were seen in the chemicals industry? (2)

A

Farben became largest manufacturing enterprise in Europe

Formation of cartel Farbeninaustrie

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24
Q

Why did right-wing parties critique the Dawes Plan?

A
  • It still accepted Reparations

- Felted allied control of banks was an invasion of sovereignty

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25
Q

How did the DNVP label the Dawes Plan?

A

A ‘second Versailles’

26
Q

How dd the Dawes Plan impact the German economy?

A

Prevented Reichsbank from allowing interest rates to drop to below 5%

  • Made Germany attractive to overseas investors
  • However, made Germany dependent on and vulnerable to investment whims of foreign capital
27
Q

What two extreme political groups often fought?

A

Nazi’s SA and KPD’s Red Fighting League

28
Q

How did Germany’s level of coal production change?

A

1927, it is at 68% of 1913 level

29
Q

How did the mid-1920s collapse in food prices affect agricultural wages?

A

By late 1920s, income in agriculture is 44% below national average

30
Q

What was the new German art movement and what did it aim to do?

A

New Objectivity
Believed art should comment on society and be understood by ordinary people
- ‘Verism’

31
Q

What artists were associated by New Objectivity

A

George Grosz and Otto Dix

32
Q

What controversial book was published 1929?

A

All Quiet on the Western Front - by Erich Maria Remarque

33
Q

How did Conservatives react against cultural developments?

A
  • Nationalist parties campaigned against the ‘Tides of Filth’
  • Wilhlem Frick was the first Nazi in 1930s state government, ordered all modern art to be removed from museums
34
Q

What new art school was founded? By who?

A

Bauhaus

Walter Gropius

35
Q

How did Expressionist artists shock Germans?

A

Kirchner painted nudity

Karl Schmidt was inspired by African masks

36
Q

How did the German gov respond to cultural developments? (2)

A
  • 1926, Reichstag passed law to ‘protect youth from pulp fiction and pornography’
  • Public spending cuts 1929 meant local governments withdrew subsidies from avant-garde productions
37
Q

How was the ‘New Women’ image not a reality?

A
  • Women were not given equal pay, especially post-financial crash
  • Married women who worked were labelled ‘Doppelverdiener’
38
Q

Who represented the ‘New Woman’ image in Germany?

A

Marlene Dietrich

- Openly Bisexual and symbolic of the growing sexual freedom of women

39
Q

How did the lives of women improve?

A

Formally gained equal rights with the Weimar Constitution
- Could vote in national elections
1920: 11 women elected to Reichstag
1925, 35% of women employed

40
Q

What happened 1929?

A

The Wall Street Crash that triggered the Great Depression

41
Q

What was the impact of the Great Depression?

A

1932:

  • 6 million officially unemployed
  • Output of German economy 58% of 1920s high points
  • Real wages fell by 1/3rd
42
Q

What unstable government was formed 1928-30?

A

Hermann-Muller’s ‘Grand Coalition’

43
Q

Who was in the ‘Grand Coalition’

A 
SPD
DDP
DVP
BVP
ZP
44
Q

Who was Chancellor 1930-32?

A

Bruning

45
Q

Who was Chancellor 1928-30?

A

Hermann-Muller

46
Q

Why did Bruning resign 1932?

A

He lost the support of Schleicher (commander of army)

47
Q

Who is Chancellor June-December 1932?

A

Von Papen

48
Q

What was the result of the July 1932 election?

A
  • NSDAP became largest party with 230 seats (increase of 123)
  • SPD second smallest with 133
  • KPD = 89
49
Q

What was significant about July 1932 election?

A

NSDP and kPD totalled over 50% of votes and thereby blocked any gov that did not include them

50
Q

What was the result of the November 1932 election?

A
  • NSDAP lost 34 seats (196 total.)
  • KPD gained 11 to win 100

Nazis still = largest party, however, don’t have enough to form majority

51
Q

Who is Chancellor December 1932 - Jan 1933?

A

Schleicher

52
Q

When is Hitler appointed Chancellor?

A

30 Jan 1933

53
Q

Who (probably) started the Reichstag Fire 1933?

A

Communist Marinus van der Lubbe

54
Q

What did Hitler pass in 1933 in response to the Reichstag Fire?

A

The Decree for the Protection of the people and the State

55
Q

What did the 1933 Decree for the Protection of the People and the State do? (2)

A
  1. Suspended constitutional civil rights
  2. Gave the federal government powers of arrest without judicial interference
    - Decree was used to ban KPD and arrest 1000s of communists
56
Q

What % of the vote did the Nazis achieve in the 1933 election?

A

44%

57
Q

What did the 1933 Enabling Act do? (2)

A

Allowed Hitler to rule by decree for 4 years

Removed accountability

58
Q

What two acts established a one-party state?

A
  • 1933 Law Against the Formation of New Parties
  • 1934 Law for the Reconstruction of the State (dissolved all state assemblies and replaced them with Nazi-appointed Reich Governors.)
59
Q

What action did Hitler take to get the army on his side?

A

1934 Night of the Long Knives (Hitler’s purge of the SA)

60
Q

Who died in August 1934?

A

Hindenburg

61
Q

What did the army swear to Hitler in 1934? What did it do?

A

Oath of allegiance to Hitler as commander-in-chief of armed forces and head of state
Combined posts of Chancellor and President

62
Q

How many seats did the Nazis win in the 1933 election??

A

288

German History (4 decks)

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