1890-1914 Flashcards

Facts

1
Q

In what ways did Wilhelm cause aggravation with Britain? (2)

A

1894, refused to compromise with Britain over Samoan Islands.
Challenged Britain’s Congolese Treaty.

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2
Q

What were the four chancellors under KWII?

A
  1. Caprivi 1890-94
  2. Hohenlohe 1894-1900
  3. Bulow 1900-09
  4. Hollweg 1909-17
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3
Q

Whose advice did the Kaiser prefer over his Chancellors? (3)

A

Holstein
Eulenberg
Tirpitz

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4
Q

What German newspaper circulated the government’s case?

A

‘North German General Newspaper.’

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5
Q

What were two pressure groups that exerted influence for Weltpolitik?

A

Pan German League

Navy League

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6
Q

What measures were included in Caprivi’s 1891 ‘New Course’? (3)

A
  1. Sunday work was prohibited.
  2. Employment of children U13 forbidden.
  3. Courts established to arbitrate in industrial disputes.
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7
Q

What economic act Caprivi pass?

A

1892 Tariff Reform of 1879 Tariff Act

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8
Q

What did the 1892 Tariff Reform of 1879 Tariff Act do?

A

Tariffs on agricultural imports were reduced in return for favourable rates for German manufactured goods

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9
Q

Who opposed Caprivi?

Why?

A

The Agrarian League

Argued for subsides, import controls and minimum prices to protect German farmers

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10
Q

What bill did Caprivi propose that alienated both the right and left?
Why?

A

1893 Army Bill
Reduced period of military service to 2 years
Increased peacetime army to 84,000

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11
Q

Why did Caprivi resign?

A

Due to his failure to pass anti-socialist legislation, he lost confidence of Kaiser

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12
Q

What events worried the Kaiser about socialism?

A

1893, SPD won 44 seats

1894, French President stabbed by anarchist

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13
Q

What did Hohenlohe state about his power?

A

He was a ‘straw doll’ for Kaiser

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14
Q

What action did Hohenlohe take against socialism 1894-5? (2)

A

SPD leaders put on trial

Prussians suspected of sympathising with Socialism lost their jobs

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15
Q

Who was Bulow’s Interior Minister that resumed Caprivi’s New Course?

A

Posadowsky

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16
Q

What action did Posadowsky take to resume Caprivi’s ‘New Course’?

A

1900 - extended accident insurance
1901 - industrial courts compulsory in all large towns
1903 - extension of prohibition on child labour

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17
Q

What action did Bulow take that pleased Junkers and annoyed SPD?

A

1902 Tariff Law (moved tariffs to pre-1892 levels)

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18
Q

What did Bulow unsuccessfully propose in 1905?

A

Increase in indirect taxes + inheritance tax (to fund army, navy and colonialism)

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19
Q

What happened due to the German gov’s brutal handling of Herero uprising 1904-5?

A

1906, Centre Party allied with SPD to vote against gov’s proposals for extra funds for colonialism

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20
Q

What was the result of the 1907 ‘Hottentot’ election?

A

SPD faced disaster, lost 38 (almost half) their seats
Conservative, pro-gov, parties succeeded
Conservatives, Free Conservatives and NLs formed ‘Bulow Bloc’

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21
Q

What happened in 1908 Daily Telegraph affair?

A

Wilhelm expressed want for a closer relationship with Britain
Media + Reichstag claimed KWII had too much power since he didn’t consult the Reichstag beforehand

22
Q

Why did Bulow resign?

A

Wilhelm wanted to be rid of Bulow since Daily Telegraph affair
1909, his finance bill that would increase indirect taxation + inheritance tax was rejected by SPD, Conservatives and NLs

23
Q

What happened in 1912 election?

A

SPD won 110 seats and become largest party in Reichstag

24
Q

What happened in Zabern affair?

A

Alsace-Lorraine - 28 citizens arrested
BH rejected claims that army should be answerable to anyone other than KWII
1913 - Vote of No Confidence in BH

25
Q

What was the result of the 1913 Vote of No Confidence against BH?

A

293 voted against, 54 for

Had no effect, Chancellor is answerable to KWII, not Reichstag

26
Q

How did the German economy grow compared to Britain’s?

A

1870-1913, Britain’s productive capacity doubled

Germany’s increased 8 times

27
Q

How did Germany’s population grow?

A

1890: 50 mil
1914: 68 mil

28
Q

How did the number of Uni students increase?

A

1890-1914 - enrollment in universities doubled:

29
Q

How did the number of cartels increase?

A

1875: 8 cartels
1905: 366

30
Q

Who were 3 economic individuals?

A

Karl Benz - cars
Engelhorn - founded BASF (chemicals)
Ferdinand Von Zeppelin - created Zeppelin

31
Q

How did German steel production increase?

A

1890-1914, increased x9

32
Q

What 2 German electrical firms dominated world electrical industry?

A

AEG and Siemens

33
Q

How did the production of Sulphuric acid increase?

A

1878, 1 mil tonnes of sulphuric acid produced world-wide

1907, Germany alone is producing 1.4 mil

34
Q

How did exports increase?

A

1880: 2.9 bil marks
1913: 10.1 bil marks

35
Q

What % of Germans lived in urban areas?

A

1910: ⅔rds

36
Q

What led to high life expectancies?

A

1894, compulsory immunisation against smallpox

37
Q

How did wages increase? (2)

A

1885-1913, real wages rose over 30%

1890: average annual income of industrial worker = 636 marks
1913: 834 marks

38
Q

What shows there was increased discontent amongst workers?

A

1905-1913, on average 200,000 TU workers went on strike per year
1912, SPD = largest party in Reichstag

39
Q

Who were the 3 people in SPD?

Where were they on spectrum?

A

Bernstein - right / revisionist
Babel - centre (chairman of SPD 1892-1913)
Liebknecht - far-left

40
Q

What were the 2 divides / programmes in SPD?

A

Marxist (Marx revolution)

Minimum (moderates)

41
Q

How did the SPD become less revolutionary?

A

1906, made electoral pacts with Liberals

1913, even supported financial provision of 1913 Army Bill

42
Q

Who was appointed 1897 to further Weltpolitik?

A

Bulow - foreign sec
Tirpitz - Navy sec
Posadowsky - interior

43
Q

What German pressure groups favoured Weltpolitik?

A

Pan-German league
Colonial League
Navy League

44
Q

What was term for belief that a world empire required a strong navy?

A

Flottenpolitik

45
Q

What were 2 navy bills and what did they do?

A

1898 - 1st navy law allows for construction of 16 new battleships
1900 - 2nd navy law allows for construction of 3 ships / year for 6 years

46
Q

What was the result of the Dreadnaught battle with Britain?

A

1914: G had 13 Dreadnaughts

Britain had 19

47
Q

What made G’s relationship with Britain worse? (3)

A

1894, refused to compromise with Britain over Samoan Islands
1894, Challenged Britain’s Congolese Treaty
1896, Kruger Telegram

48
Q

What was the 1887 Reinsurance Treaty?

A

Secret agreement between G and R, stating each would remain neutral in event of war

49
Q

What happened in the 1905 1st Moroccan Crisis?

A

1904 - France partially owned Morocco
To undermine France, KWII stated his support for Moroccan independence
1906 - Algeciras Conference, France continues to partially rule Morocco. Only Austria supported Germany.

50
Q

What happened in the 1911 Second Moroccan Crisis?

A

Native uprising in Morocco
Germany sent in gunboat to undermine France
Crisis was resolved with France retaining control of Morocco