1920-48

Question 1

When did Fleming discover penicillin

Answer 1

1928

Question 2

When was penicillin first used and how did it go

Answer 2

1941 - On a policeman, Albert Alexander, who had sepsis. He began to recover when given penicillin, but they ran out, so he died

Question 3

By when was there enough penicillin mass-produced to treat all allied soldiers

Answer 3

The D-Day landings in 1944

Question 4

Who first tested penicillin on humans

Answer 4

Florey and Chain

Question 5

When was the beveridge report published

Answer 5

1942

Question 6

What did the beveridge report recommend (2) and how was it to be paid

Answer 6

1. Large scale social security changes like more unemployment benefit, more pensions and more sick pay (these were already a thing after the 1875 national insurance act but he suggested they were scaled up in magnitude)
2. A free to use national health service

These were to be paid for via tax

Question 7

What were the impacts of the formation of the NHS (7)

Answer 7

1. Many poor people got to see a doctor for the first time, so access to medical care was improved immediately
2. More people sought medical care earlier, therefore improving their chances of recovery
3. Healthcare became more equal around the country as doctors were all paid the same - depending on qualifications and experience rather than where they practice.
4. Health of the nation improved
5. Life expectancy increased
6. Infant mortality rate fell
7. The cost was very high

Question 8

What did Archibald McIndoe discover (2)

Answer 8

1. The skin graft - healthy skin is transplanted onto the area with burned skin
2. Using a saline bath to treat burns instead of tannic acid

Question 9

Why was tannic acid bad for treating burns

Answer 9

It dried out the skin, causing it to coagulate (changing to solid/semi-solid)

Question 10

How did McIndoe discover the saline bath

Answer 10

He realised that pilots that were shot down over the Atlantic Ocean had burns that were not as bad as those shot down over land, so he linked it to the salty water

Question 11

What did McIndoe do to his patients that had never been thought about before

Answer 11

Though about the mental side of his patient’s recovery

Question 12

How did McIndoe consider the mental side of recovery and reintegration for his patients (2)

Answer 12

1. He walked round east grinstead, asking people to welcome his patients and to turn East Grinstead into ‘the town that didn’t stare’
2. Founding the ‘Guinea Pig Club’ - any pilot who had at least 2 operation for burns or crash injuries (the guinea pigs), the doctors, surgeons and medical staff and friends and family of the victims

Question 13

What are 5 reasons for the founding of the NHS (in order from most to least significant in my opinion)

Answer 13

1. The 1945 election of a new Labour government
2. The impact of WW2
3. The expanding role of government in public health pre-1940
4. The beveridge report
5. The context of the 1930s

Question 14

How did the new 1945 labour government impact the formation of the NHS and what % of the vote did they win

Speak of key people

Answer 14

Clement Attlee was the leader - he was a social worker and was in WW2 so understood the needs of the poor and injured for free healthcare

Aneurin Bevan was a high ranking member of the party - he had a poor upbringing and worked in a mine from 13 so he had experienced disease and healthcare problems all around him

They won 48% of the vote

Question 15

What was the statement for the service of the NHS

Answer 15

“The National Health Service would provide medical care for the whole British population from CRADLE to GRAVE”

Question 16

How did the context of the 1930s affect the formation of the NHS (5)

Answer 16

The Great Depression was at fault for all of these:

1. The government had reduced its contribution to health insurance because they couldn’t afford it, but this was the time the people needed it more then ever
2. The UK was hit badly by the GD because it was still in recovery from WW1
3. 3 million people were unemployed in Britain in the 1930s
4. Infant death rates went up with unemployment
5. People did not have enough money to support their healthcare and to eat well

Question 17

How did WW2 impact the formation of the NHS

Answer 17

There were big improvements in healthcare, but also many things that showed an increased demand for free and widespread access to healthcare

1. There was a greater focus on disease and infection prevention
2. A lot of London was bombed so as infrastructure declined, so did sanitation
3. In wards, the sanitary practices were much improved
4. The health of children was prioritised
5. It was suggested that the government had to take charge of preventing illness spreading in billets (other people’s homes people were relocated into when their house was bombed)

Question 18

How did the role of government in healthcare pre-1940 impact the formation of the NHS (6)

Answer 18

The government began to play more of a role but it did not appear to be leading to the formation of the NHS without the influence of other factors
The Liberal Government brought in
1. Old age pensions
2. Helping children’s health
3. National health insurance
4. A major campaign for children to be vaccinated against diphtheria was launched in the 1930s
5. The emergency medical service was introduced in 1938
6. This showed that the government was prepared to play a role in national healthcare

Question 19

How did the beveridge report affect the formation of the NHS, when was it published, how well known was it and what was the full name

Answer 19

The publication was needed so the issue could be highlighted but was ineffective alone
1. Used the 5 giants - want, ignorance, disease,squalor and idleness. He said that want (having the basic essentials) was the first step to fixing British society

95% of people were aware of the report and 650k copies were sold. It was published in nov 1942 as the “social insurance and allied services”

Question 20

What was the beveridge report proposing (8)

Answer 20

He wanted a stronger version of the National Insurance Act 1875
1. Pensions for all
2. Allowances for children
3. Maternity grant
4. Marriage grant
5. Widowhood compensation
6. Industrial assurance
7. Funeral benefit
8. Workman’s compensation

Question 21

Who was Louisa Garrett Anderson

Answer 21

The daughter of Elizabeth Garrett Anderson - she founded the WHC (the woman’s hospital corps) in WW1

Question 22

What was the role of Women in WW2

Answer 22

The government was very reluctant to accept their services, like in WW1. The war office only allowed them to serve WITH the army, not IN. They were treated like auxiliaries and kept away from the front lines and instead given routine tasks

Question 23

How many British nurses were killed in WW2

Answer 23

Over 400