1918 crisis Flashcards
What were Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points
Points that were devised after the war as a means of dealing with it fairly, its aim was to prevent another war
What are examples of Woodrow Wilsons 14 points
Return of Alsace-Lorraine to France
Establishment of a League of Nations
Self-determination
Self-governance
General disarmament
Who did the kaiser appoint as his new chancellor
Prince Max of Baden
What was the role of the chancellor in 1918
Responsible for the Reichstag
How was the initial government created
Based on majority parties
Who had control of the armed forces in 1918
Civil government
When did Prince Max write to Woodrow Wilson about an armistice
3rd October
Who resigned in 1918 and fled to Sweden
Ludendorff
When was the anti kaiser strike by the workers in 1918
22nd October
What date did sailors at the German naval base took control
3rd November
What occurred on the 4th November 1918
Revolt spread through the city and throughout the country
When did the republics claim Bavaria
8th November
Where did the SPD call for a strike
In Berlin by the workers
What date did the Kaiser refuse abdication
9th November
Who made the kaiser abdicate
Max did it for him
What did Prince Max do after abdicating the kaiser
He then resigned from his role
Who was appointed successor after Max
Freidrich Ebert
After the kaiser abdication, why was it a struggle for power
Different political groups vied for control to shape the future political, economic and social structure of Germany.
What party was Ebert from
SPD
What did Ebert believe when appointed chancellor
He did not believe in a violent revolution. He wanted to build a democratic, parliamentary system of government.
What was Ebert’s first priority in office
His first priority was to organise elections for a constituent Assembly which would draw up a new constitution.
Where was social anarchy the norm
Beyond Berlin
What is anarchy
A state of disorder due to absence or non-recognition of authority or other controlling systems
Who were particularly involved with anarchy and how
Former servicemen. Were at demonstrations, strikes and violent clashes with the police and army
What were the 2 major threats for Ebert initially
Workers’ and soldiers’ councils
What happened on the 22nd November 1918 in terms of agreements
They agreed the government would only exercise power in name of the councils
What were the 3 main reasons people believed the Prussian institute would truly vanish
Aristocratic states were broken up
Army, civil service and judiciary were democratised
Key industries nationalised under the control of the workers
Who was the armies new leader in 1918
Groener
What was Groener’s initial aims
The value of order and discipline and was determined to defeat any attempt at a communist revolution
What were Groener’s terms to Ebert about the army
He would support Ebert if the army were not democratised and Ebert defended Germany against a communist revolution
What was Ebert and Groener’s agreement called and when was it
10th November, Ebert-Groener pact
What uprising occurred on 6th December 1918
A spartacist uprising
What happened in the first spartacist uprising
Berlin was fired on by soldiers and 16 were killed
What uprising occurred on 23rd and 24th of December
Sailors revolt
What happened in the sailors revolt
It occurred in Berlin, it was put down by the army and it led to 3 USPD ministers resigning
What uprising occurred on the 6th January 1919
2nd spartacist uprising
What happened in the 2nd spartacist uprising
Was heavy fighting on the street but was ultimately crushed after a week to due limited support. by the army and freikorps
Who led the 2nd spartacist uprising and what happened to them
Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, they were both executed
When was the first election to the constituent assembly
January 1919
What is the constituent assembly
An elected body with the specific task of drawing up a new constitution, usually in the aftermath of a revolution.
Who did the constituent assembly chose as president of the new German republic
Ebert
Who was in the initial coalition
SPD, centre and german democratic parties
