1900 and onwards

Question 1

Why did Cities cause crime?

Answer 1

over 80% of people living in cities by 2012.

Question 2

Why did Economy cause crime?

Answer 2

WW1 and WW2 damaged the economy which led to hardship. By 2000 Britain was becoming a consumer society

Question 3

Why did Religion cause crime?

Answer 3

By 2000, although over 70% of British people described themselves as Christian, fewer than 10% attended church. In the 20th Century the Church as an organisation lost much of its authority over people’s lives and the shaping of new laws. In 1948, Britain signed up to the Declaration of Human Rights created by the United Nations.

Question 4

Why did Science and technology cause crime?

Answer 4

1954 DNA discovered and electricity led to new discoveries

Question 5

Why did Transport cause crime?

Answer 5

In 1896, an Act of Parliament allowed the first motor cars on British roads. In 1919, the first regular aeroplane service carried passengers from London to Paris. 1901 first radio signal.

Question 6

Why did Leisure cause crime?

Answer 6

1896 moving pictures used, 1970s over 90% homes had TV. 1990 World Wide Web set up and more video games etc.

Question 7

Why did Migration cause crime?

Answer 7

people moved to England, women got more rights and more people in education.

Question 8

Hate crime

Answer 8

Hate crime –

· Immigration increased which led to hate crime.
· 1% found to be hate crimes but number has risen

Irish and Russian immigrants after WW2 given worse jobs. 1965m 1968 and 1976 race relations acts passed – made it a crime to deny Black people jobs.

Stephan Lawrence case led to new laws – 2005 = you could be tried for the same offence twice. 1998 and 2003 = hate crimes created.

Question 9

Football hooliganism

Answer 9

Associated with crowd violence since the Middle Ages. CCTV used to identify violent fans.

Question 10

An example of football hooliganism

Answer 10

1984 Liverpool at Heysel stadium in Belgium and in chaos a wall collapsed and 39 died.

Question 11

Car crime

Answer 11

Speeding, drink driving, stealing a car

1967 – Made drink driving illegal.
1983- Drivers had to wear seatbelts.
1991 passengers had to wear seatbelts.
1992- Roadside cameras captured speeding.
1990s locks on cars increased to prevent them being stolen.

Question 12

An example of Car crime

Answer 12

28th January 1896 Mr Walter Arnold first person to be caught speeding.

Question 13

Drugs

Answer 13

Associated with gang culture.

WW1 soldiers sent cocaine but led to problems. Legal to have cocaine and opium until 1920. 1960s drug problem started – 1971 – drugs put in categories = A,B,C Supplying class A drugs can mean 14 years in prison. In 1985 this became a life sentence.

Question 14

An example of a drug crime

Answer 14

Rhys Jones 2007 shot by a gunman trying to shoot someone of a rival gang over drugs.

Question 15

Cyber crime

Answer 15

Downloading illegal files and films. Fraud and hacking. 2015 included in crime statistics – crime rate more than doubled. Phishing crimes = fake emails that want peoples details.

This is a growing crime

Question 16

Example of cybercrime

Answer 16

2016 – £2.5 million stolen from Tesco. 412 million user accounts exposed in FriendFinder network hack 2016

Question 17

What crimes continued?

Answer 17

Crimes such as murder, rape, theft, burglary, robbery, arson have continued

Question 18

Statistics on crime

Answer 18

· Violent crime has increased by 18%

· Crime has increased by 10% across England and Wales.

· 20% surge in gun and knife crime.

· 26% rise in murder rate.

Question 19

Corporal punishment– whipping

Answer 19

· 1933 corporal punishment ended for young offenders.
· 1948 corporal punishment ended for all.
· 1962 ended as a punishment for prisoners who misbehaved.

Question 20

Capital punishment – death

Answer 20

· 13th August 1964 2 murderers in Liverpool and Manchester killed. · 1892 – efficient method of hanging used.
· 1908 – no one under 16 executed.
· 1928 – parliament rejected abolition.
· 1953 – public outcry at killing of 19 year old Derek Bentley who had a mental age of 10.
· 1965 abolition of death penalty act – capital punishment only for treason.
· 2004- all forms of capital punishment banned.
· 2012 online petition calling for the return of the death penalty had 26,000 signatures but counter one had 33,000.

Question 21

For death penalty

Answer 21

· It is a powerful deterrent against murder.
· Murderers should not live in comfort.
· British justice system can be trusted – mistakes rare.

Question 22

Against death penalty

Answer 22

· Most murders done in the heat of the moment.

· Since 1969 over 50 prisoners found guilty were innocent.

Question 23

Youth prisons

Answer 23

· 1902 young offenders under 21 went to their own prison. The first one opened in a village called Borstal in Kent so later ones were called ‘Borstals.’
· 1988 borstals replaced with young offenders institutes – education is important.
· 1908 age set which a child can be responsible for a crime was 7 but now 10.
· 1896 Broadmoor Hospital set up for the mentally ill. · 1902 treadmills abolished in prisons.

Question 24

Alexander Patterson wanted to rehabilitate prisoners. His work led to:

Answer 24

· Silent rule relaxed. · Prisoners didn’t have their heads shaved. · Educational work increased.
· Prisoners did meaningful work and were paid a small sum of money.
· 1948 – prisoners could be kept in prison longer than their original sentence if there release would endanger society.

Question 25

Alternatives to prison:

Answer 25

· Community service order 1972 – unpaid hours work in the community.
· 1967 parole system prisoners released before full jail sentence if they behaved
· Tagging – you know where prisoners are as they wear an electric tag.
· Probation service.

Question 26

Victims

Answer 26

· Victims code and support. Fiona and her 18 year old disabled daughter Francecca were severely bullied and in 2007 Fiona drove them to a layby, poured petrol on the car and both die