1900-1918 Flashcards

Question

H.H. Asquith [1908-16] Old Age Pention Act 1908

Answer 1

70+yrs 5s/week if: annual income of less than £21 with a sliding scale of what you received £21‐31 £31+=nothing couldnt get it if: been in prison in the last 10 yrs claimed poor releif in the last year or not worked regularly

Answer 2

Compulsory medical inspections by doctors in schools at least three times during their time at school the first is as soon as they start This is to highlight the poor health of the recruits for the boer War and so that it doesn't happen again

Answer 3

This made parental neglect illegal child allowences for poorset of familys (from 1909) £10/child juvenile courts + remand homes for young offenders (previously sent to adult prisons) illegal to sell tobacco + alcohol to children in unsealed containers

Answer 4

They believed it wasn't enough to help the unemployed and the unhealthy and they believe that they were going to do it they better do it properly (didnt) they believed that they needed to give people a chance to earn money their own way and not to tackle unemployment by just paying them They also predicted that that wasn't enough money being given to be able to live off in the first place so it would be unaffective

Answer 5

They believe that the bill took away from people's independence 10 weeks before it was passed in the HoC, the HOL vetoed it which eventually led to the constitutional crisis they didn't approve of it due to being it literally being against everything that they stood for

Answer 6

Believed it was too close to socialism of which there was a rising fear of in Europe and the fear that they would take over Britain they also feared the people's lives become too dependent on the government and the government would become too involved and people's lives

Answer 7

Many people in the party were naturally pacifists against War Two Cabinet ministers resigned on this principle however most liberals were in favor of going to war because they were concerned about German military expantion and they disliked the autocratic power of Kaiser Wilhelm II therefore there was a general support for the war Until later issues such as conscription and Total War when completely against liberal principles but overal support

Answer 8

The vast majority were really in support of the war and they were very United to defend the Empire however there were concerned about the effect it would have on the economy as Germany was Britain's biggest trading partner

Answer 9

Labour was deeply divided about this war there were many pacifists that were completely against the principle of war and they believe that it was a capitalist nature and the working class would suffer the most (this was influenced by the ideas of marx) however some members, mainly the trade union members, felt that the involvement in the war was necessary due to the National danger posted by Germany

Answer 10

A conscientious objective is somebody who is against the war and may refuse to help out and join the war effort there were 16,000 of these people in the UK

Answer 11

Summary There were little divisions in the cabinet as they were all anxious on the idea of going to war this is evident in the four resignations of Asquith colleagues During a cabinet meeting a telegram from Brussels to the Belgium minister summarized the German ultimatum They would worry that we would have to go to War due to their treaty with Belgium Which stated that Belgium must remain independent Is Germany invaded Belgium this treaty will be broken and if Britain did not respond then there would be an imbalance of power in Europe (france would loose russia wouldn't) and a loss of foreign respect for Britain

Answer 12

War without restrictions on territory, weapons and combat methods and objectives this is especially prominent where the rules of War disagreeable

Answer 13

The standard of living - there were food shortages due to u-boats sinking supply ships until the navy gets convoys in 1917 - there was a loss of Manpower on farms which led to food shortages and children withdrawing from schools - due to more working in factories there was more lung disease - influenza outbreak 1918 - the cost of living Rises due to money shortages as a result of high government spending -blackouts -farmers on min wage - army stated that workers should not have holidays - women and boys with two who were too young had to work in factories help the war effort - conscientious objectors [jan 1916] who refute outright during conscription was punished by the army or in prisoned 69 of these people died

Answer 14

- there were cuts to childcare costs - 1911 National Insurance extended to 1916 to soldiers families and war working Widows 13S - disability allowance fo the badly wounded - separation payments for families Fighting in the war [1917] 23S - after the Manpower lost on farms - people's wages grow faster than the prices rise so they can still afford some foods. so families buy cheap foods such as milk, bread, potatoes and bacon - and there was only some rationing by 1918 - free school meals act was extended to needy school children

Answer 15

Conscription started may 1916 -This is due to by 1915 the old British Army had almost been destroyed during fighting -The conservative lord Derby made a volunteers scheme which involved people of working age and willingness to serve should be conscripted -This was turned into a full scale scheme -4 million served in biggest militarisation in recent british history (there was no medical exams) -people were conscripted from ages 18-41 and all marryed men [march 1916] -ireland conscription 1918

Answer 16

The Deffence of the Realm act 1914 it was finished being made by 1st nov 1914 The Gov has powers to maximise the production of goods and food and to keep military secretes + check letters from prisioner of war for info that would help the enemy maintain public morale protect people and propperty rations british summer time (lights off at night for 50 days of daylight saving, bed at 9pm not 10, ppl protested over this) small impact on day to day life very unpopular act that was thought to have of weighed down the country

Answer 17

Local authorities are responsible of the care of pregnant women and babies

Answer 18

this was to support belgium reffugees in 1914 30,000 of these reffugees were recruited in london 1914 + YMCA volenteered to give food for troops while on leave/ transit Volenteer corps (dad's army for ww1) large quantity of women volenteers

Answer 19

There was increased hostility to conscientious objectives to the war as there was also a rise in informing authorities on possible spies so they were reported Other hostility included women paticularly suffreggetts, posting a white feather through the postbox this was to state that they were cowards for not supporting their country

Answer 20

A radical proposal to improve the fitness and health of children by providing school playing feilds and sporting facilities this later became the Education Act of 1918

Answer 21

Women join trade unions Suffragettes (militant) stop campaigning to help with the war effort the suffregists didn't stop campaigning until there was a shift in attitude later on this was said to be out of respect for women that they didnt help out earlyer Weapons production increased x10 A year's production was done in weeks Women had more freedoms such as driving married women could work and have financial independence Women were encouraged to have more babies this led to lots of sex and STIs In 1914 82,000 women worked in manufacturing Industries by 1918 this figure was 947,000

Answer 22

Number of women who served with the police and armed forces Such as the WAAC which was the women's auxiliary army corps. 57,000 served and the WRAF [1918] in which 100,000 women served BUT There were no office ranks for women 9 women were killed during an air raid

Answer 23

Some suffrage movements helped out in the YMCA and cared for Belgium refugees They pressured conscience objectors with a white feather to join the army BUT 300 people were killed in Explosions there was discrimination in the workplace Divisions in suffragette movements on their response to the war to protest (sufregists) or to help (suffreggetts)

Answer 24

Wages increased and theybwere payed more equaly 437,000 female trade union members 1914 1,342,000 female trade union members 1918 BUT That was still a pay gap and there was not much female participation in trade unions and some of them fell away from the trade unions after the war

Answer 25

Married women were employed and this had a striking effect on family life it also improved their financial independence and the health of women and their children BUT Some people believe that women shouldn't do work as it was against national beliefs and they were not employed as much post-war

Answer 26

That was less domestic service from women and more work on the land, factories and offices Buy 1931 there were 5.6 million Women employed There were 477 female doctors in 1911 and there were 1253 in 1921 BUT Due to increased traveling around they were more likely to be attacked

Answer 27

The greater public accepted more independent of valid employment of women Pregnancy were encouraged BUT Women giving men STIs was illegal there was an increasing in illegitimate births This was due to the encouragement of pregnancy After the war when husbands came holy there was a very large increase in STIs this was due to sex

Answer 28

pre war sufregists (NUWSS) peacfully campained pre war – letters, disscussions, public meetings Suffraggets (WSPU) did more halm than good pre war – Bombs, assult polititians, prison, chain to railings Without the war the only way women would have gotten the vote is if the franchise changed to allow all working men to vote which was extremely unlikely but very few men could vote in 1914 so franchise reform may have been necessary – which kept the discussion of women's votes alive + resident qualifications were got rid of so more men could vote (in rep of ppl act) + more ed for women with compulsary primary schools also can go to unis + by 1900 women could do more politics things anyway so on upward trend so logical next step is vote (by 1900 could divorce, inherit property, vote at council elections) But – Libs gotloads of problems with constitutional crisis, strikes, ireland so no time to discuss it – women seen as housewifes and mothers not politics – also violent cuz suffregetes also think the ladys wouldn't vote liberal

Answer 29

During war WSPU changed and became more supporting of the war when it broke out This change got them a government's subsidy for their pre war crimes in 1915 for their promotion of the war Suffragists (NUWSS) did not stop campaigning once the War started The war changed many people's opinions including ask with which made them more willing to let women have the vote Due to the support of women during the war it made them impossible not to give them the vote

Answer 30

Changes in parlimentry attitudes Lloyd George couldn't risk repeating radical actions such as the ones before the war and therefore have to give them the vote Lloyd George also said that without the war the vote would be illogical and unjustified OCT 1916 A special Parliament committee voted 15:6 that women should vote and 12:10 there should be restrictions JAN 1917 It was recommended that a single qualification to vote: Householders women on local government registered/ married women minimum age of 30 or 35 of which there was sure yet Ask with accepted this and change his mind about being against the women's vote in March 1917 IN OCT bill passed so women could stand in parliment BILL passed [for all men + 30+ yr women with houses could vote] in HOC june 1917 HOL vote 136:71 Feb 1918 passed HOL Had to approve it as it was part of a wider bill to reward people who fought and helped out in the war

Answer 31

all men 21+ can vote abolish property qualifications for men consciensious objectors couldnt vote for 5 yrs women age 30+ (8.4 million of them) can vote if meet min property qualifications: householder of a house thats rent is atleast £5/year or wives of men with houses

Answer 32

1915 due to conflict in liberal ideas (they were all failing) a shortage of shells and leadership issues (kitchinger ex- minister of war not give good bombs to fight germans and starves western fromt of shells) kitchinger drowns at sea > lloyd george new minister of war gains good experience helps him become pm and they kept loosing battles e.g. fired churchill for his failure in turkey and attacks in dublin by irish nationalist rebels Asquith pm bonar law colonial secratary lloyd george minister if munitions henderson minister of education 1916 1st dec 1915 lloyd George propose 3 man war committee seperate to cabinet to run war work this lead to lloyd george becoming pm as asquith had made serious judgment errors during the crisis and a new style of leadership was required (dynamic) + labour and Trade unions liked LG

Answer 33

Women could stand in Parliament

Answer 34

Lloyd George who wanted great estate intervention and control (oppisite of traditional lib beleifs) is pm now An officer / ex mp sent a letter to the government saying that the government figures about the state of the army in France is wrong Lloyd George defends himself by saying his unit gave him the figures Asquith [said this was bullshit] Had a parliamentary vote against this which he lost (293:108) the liberals were divided between Lloyd George and Asquith and it decided it wanted to negotiate the peace treaties and went with asquith so Lloyd George became the leader of no party The first election post war found that Lloyd George and the Tories had 335 seats while the liberals only had 161 seats and labor had 73 seats

Answer 35

Labour have begun to be seen as a threat due to increased popularity The independent Labour Party a popular bit of the Labour Party was against the war Also to reduce the influence of trade unions they voted to remove their special privileges at annual labour conferences Henderson was completely for the war mainly due to him being the minister of education in the inner war cabinet the Labour Party itself was against conscription but it didn't oppose it Ramsay MacDonald which was the Labour leader resigned as the leader as his party had decided not to oppose giving money to the government for the war efforts He also joins the union of democratic control In 1918 labour made another constitution by Henderson and Sydney Webb in February 1918 This stated that they were committed to socialism they stated their aims: Full employment minimum wage maximum working hours of 48 hours a week democratic control industry nationalisation and administration of industries heavy tax on the rich to pay for the social welfare and cost for the war

Answer 36

Short term Not much impact short term Henderson and MacDonald didn't win seats so the inadequate willy Adamson became leader Labourer all only got 73 seats 63 was the Labour Party ( 2,385,472 votes) 10 were for the Coalition Labour Party Long Term They increase the popular vote (popularity so ppl vote for them ( labour gained 500000 seats during the 1918 general election) Its leaders had gamed valuable political experience and increasing trade union membership and positively impacted the party The divided Liberal Party allow them second advantage of left-wing voters Divisions between MacDonald and his colleagues were healed by the adoption of a new foreign policy

Answer 37

1901 Rowntree report states that 28% York live in Poverty pop= 22k so poverty not just in London

Answer 38

Booth finds 33% London in Poverty

Answer 39

The HOL vetoed this budget so the HOC decided to create the Parliament bill to limit their powers in January 1910 • there was a majority vote (jan 1910) in favor of the budget Libs = 275 tory = 273 close so Libs rely on Irish Nationals to pass the buget So Lords have to Pass it cuz Majority in Parl and Election

Answer 40

MPs get a salary now

Answer 41

Syndicalism is the beleif that if the TU work together they have more power to force through parl Increase wages and decrease hours worked ect. Tripple Alliance is the Group of Trade unions that formed at this time Miners, Railwaymen, Transport workers (Dockers) due to links to major industrys, energy and trading if all strike = mass disturbance throught britain

Answer 42

Lots of industirial unrest between 1910-14 cuz : Syndicalism, tripple alliance Trade dispute act, 1906 osborne Judgement, 1909 labour having a lack of power to make changes to help workers, European Worker unrest as a whole, Industrys in decline cuz out of date machines + competition form US and Germany, Rising inflation and low wages

Answer 43

Success: • Trade Disputes Act 1906- appeased the Trade Unions. • Industrial Councils set up to represent the workers & mediate – e.g. Lloyd George negotiated. • 1912-Miners Minimum Wage Act. • 1913-Trade Union Act - increased funding & showed help for working class party. • These show diplomacy & strategies from the Government. Unsuccessful: • Trade Disputes Act -led to an increase in strikes • Many strikes from 1908-1912-miners, railwaymen, textile workers etc. (with tripple alliance) • Increase in size & membership of Trade Unions-shows dissatisfaction with the Government • Government were criticized for using troops & force -eg. in South Wales (e.g. Churchill sent troops into the strike at Tonypandy) and Liverpool docks • The Government did not tackle the long term & cause of the problems -e.g. decline of the Staple Industries

Answer 44

Lib-Lab pact LRC + libs Ramsey MacDonald + herbert gladstone secrete pact to not stand against each other in each 30 constituencys so left vote nit divided and torys dont win + libs will reverse taff vale so LRC agrees up to local party reps to step down tho = 24 LRC lib lab seats for LRC (only 5 W/o) Lib seats = uknown likley simular

Answer 45

Joseph chamberlain 1903 begins Tariff reform campaign he likes free trade but worried Britian is gonna loosle lots of money cuz other countrys such as germany have protective tariffs on imported goods so he wants britain to do the same and lower tariffs coming in on imperial goods to strengthen empire However many ppl hate the fact this = ▲ food prices cuz food from Am ect. = cost more cuz of the tariffs = Many support old Free trade system and Libs cuz × want tarrifs

Answer 46

= conserns that poor health and wellbeing of British ppl = threat to B industrial output and workers and empire and defence (so do new Liberalism) e.g Boer war = lack of Healthy men to fight in war

Answer 47

Legal rights for children: against abuse, young offenders, prisons, scholarships for working class 2ndry schools

Answer 48

Success • It was the start of more Government intervention, & the recognition that poverty could be addressed through Government help & organisation • By 1914 - health had improved through school meals, medical assistance (paid for by 1914) – eg many healthy volunteers for the War in 1914. • Children - greater legal protection, & some educational opportunities through scholarships. • Elderly helped - less need for workhouse/ to work. • Unemployed/injured helped - short term help/less in workhouse • Improvements for the working class - working & living conditions, eg hours, pay, holidays etc • Increased use of taxes - especially from the middle/upper class-start of the redistribution of wealth • Although not solve the problems of poverty & inequality – it did lay the foundations for the future

Answer 49

problems that still existed • Only minimal financial help - only supported for a short time - therefore poverty was still a problem by 1914 • Social divisions caused by poor education - still not addressed - eg. 2 Education Acts did not tackle education • Workhouses still existed – For when support ran out • Not universal - only some industries, some workers effected - by minimum wage, National Insurance Act etc. • Housing - still poor quality for many working class - this effected morale & created health problems • Unlike the "Welfare State' created in the 1940s - it was less organised & universal, not from the cradle to the grave Why was it so limited? • New Liberalism' only aimed too offer minimal support - not to change/improve lives - to help people help themselves' • Many Liberals were motivated cuz want help Industry, Empire etc - not over concern for the poor • The influence of 'Old Liberals' in the Government - wouldn't allow more reform

Answer 50

• × women vote despite Suffragette's hunger strikes • Working class men also × vote • Lords still can delay bills (Basicaly Court of Appeal) 80% B land = owend by Upper class Unrest, Strikes, Suffragettes = B unhappy w/reform and still think = Inequalities

Answer 51

• × women vote despite Suffragette's hunger strikes • Working class men also × vote • Lords still can delay bills (Basicaly Court of Appeal) 80% B land = owend by Upper class Unrest, Strikes, Suffragettes = B unhappy w/reform and still think = Inequalities

Answer 52

allowed women jobs in civil service, local gov and jury

Answer 53

Dublin by those wanting 100% independence but down violently by Britain = ▲ support for Xtreem nationalists Sinn Fein + In war home ruel put on Hold so Irish Nat partt seen as too moderate as didnt try to get independence when had the chance so sinn fien ▲ pop