19 - The Devlopment Of Anti-semitic Policies And Actions 1938-40 Flashcards
What happened to nazi policies post 1938
Became more radical
When and what was the Anschluss?
the annexation of the Federal State of Austria into the German Reich on 13 March 1938.
What effect did the ease of the Anschluss have on hitler
The fact that the allies did not intervene to uphold the treaty of Versailles led hitler to believe that nothing could stand in the way of his ambitions
Was the Anschluss achieved easily
Easily, without a shot being fired
What did the occupation of Austria by Germany give the Nazis the opportunity to do
Persecute large numbers of jews living there and to fprce jews to emigrate. Jews in Austria were immediately stripped of their legal rights, property, employment and the right to enter restaraunts, public baths and parks.
Many were physically assaulted and publicaly humiliated by the Nazis, and Jewish shops were looted
What did the state to do Jewish property in april 1938
Decree of registration of Jewish property- jews had to register all property they owned meaning the state could confiscate all Jewish owned property worth over 5000 marks
What happened to certain Jewish professionals in June 1938
Jewish doctors, dentists and lawyers forbidden from treating aryans, meant many could no longer practice
What further jobs were jews banned from doing in july 1938
Travelling salesmen, security guards, travel agents and estate agents
What happened from August 1938 which would help people identify jews more easily?
Impact of this
Jews who were deemed to have non Jewish first names had to change them (women take the name of Sarah and men the name Israel)
Helped people identify and discriminate against jews
Were any entertainment places open to jews in September 1938?
September 1938 saw jews banned from visiting theatres, cinemas, concerts and circuses ensuring all places of entertainment were closed to jews.
Jews set up their own places to compensate
How were jews made easy to identify
Passport marked with ‘J’
Had to have jewish first names
Why were poor jews worse off from November 1938?
Lost their entitlement to state welfare benefits
When was Reichkristallnacht?
9-10th November 1938
What else is reichkristallnacht called?
The Night of Broken Glass
(Also known as the November pogrom)
What was kristallnacht?
An organised pogrom against Germany’s Jewish population in which homes and businesses were looted, synagogues burned down, and thousands of Jews attacked.
What triggered the pogrom?
The killing of the young German diplomat, Von Rath, in Paris by a young Jewish man
How did the Nazis present the pogrom?
Presented it as a spontaneous explosion of anger by the German people
In reality was the pogrom organised?
Coordinated by Goebbels, who had issued instructions to Nazi officials across the country to organise the violence.
What motivated Goebbels to organise the pogrom
Anxious to regain Hitler’s favour after incurring the Fuhrers disapproval over an extra-marital affair.
What happened to Jews on the night of the pogrom?
91 Jews killed
Thousand injured
More than 30,000 placed into preventative custody in concentration camps where larger numbers were killed
What happened to synagogues in the pogrom
Stormtroopers set fire to 191 synagogues
What other things were destroyed in the pogrom
Synagogues
Homes and shops were damaged and looted
Jewish prayer books, religious texts and other books were destroyed on bonfires
What did Goering do so that Jews couldn’t recover easily from it?
Prevented insurance companies from paying compensation for damage and loss
The Decree for restoration of the street scene (12th November) ordered that Jews had to pay the cost of repairs, amounting it a fine of 1 billion reichmarks
What completed the aryanisation of jewish businesses?
When wa sit?
12th November]Decree excluding Jews from German economic Life
From 13th November 1938?
Jewish pupils only allowed to attend Jewish schools
How did Germany first attempt to be ‘Jew free’
Emigration
How many Jews left Germany between March 1933 and November 1938?
150,000
What happened to emigration following reichkristallnacht?
Grew
Many families keen to send their children to safe haven in other countries (9000 Jewish children sent to Britain in 1938-9 on the kinder transport scheme)
Did Jews want to leave Germany
Some supported Zionism and were keen to emigrate to Palestine
Majority had a strong transport to Germany and did not want to leave
Who was more likely to emigrate?
Younger more affluent jews
Were Jews aware of what would happen to them when they were considering leaving?
Didn’t know the nazis would make their leaves intolerable or indeed threaten their lives
What made emigration difficult?
Few foreign countries were keen to accept large numbers of Jewish refugees.
The Nazis encouraged emigration but still placed obstacles in its way by confiscating assets of those who did emigrate
What was tested in Austria following Anschluss?
By who?
Heydrich and Eichmann used Austria as a testing ground for SS policy on emigration
45,000 Austrian Jews were forced to emigrate
The confiscation of jewish property was used to finance the emigration of poorer Jews
In January 1939 this policy was extended to the whole of January
When did German forces invade Poland?
1st September 1939
What did Germanys invasion of Poland lead to
Britain and France declaring war on Germany
What did the outbreak of war mean for Jews?
Further radicalisation of Nazi policies towards them
Conquest of poland provide terrioty for settling jewish people, emphasis changed from emigration to deportation and resettlement
What were the three areas Poland was split into
Eastern poland - occupied by the USSR
Western poland - incorporated in the German Reich
Central poland - designated by the gernela government and ruled by a nazi governer
What was the nazi plan for poland
Settle Germans living in Western poland by driving out the jews living there, forcibly relocating them in the general government region
How many Jews were deported in Poland?
Between what period?
Between September 1939 and Feb 1940
More than half a million jews
From western poland to general government
Was Hitlers wishes fulfilled with the deportation of Jews?
He ordered mass deportation of jews from germany and Austria but the authorities couldn’t cope with the sheer numbers involved
How did germany have possession of Madagascar
It was part of the french empire so the conquest of France by Germany in June 1940.
How many jews did the Germans look at resettling in Madagascar
4 million
What would the living conditions in Madagascar be?
So harsh that in time most of the emigrants would die of disease and starvation
Why was the Madagascar plan abandoned?
Germany failed to defeat Britain in autumn 1940
The British Royal Navy would be able to intercept the ships transporting jews to the island
With the failure of the Madagascar plan, what did the nazis now plan to do with the Jews
Attention turned back to the east.
After the forthcoming invasion of the Soviet Union, they planned to send Europe’s jews to Siberia
