18 - Nazi Policies Towards The Jews 1933-37 Flashcards
Why did Hitler have to get a specific balance of anti-semitism when he first became chancellor
He needed to satisfy the demands of the Nazi Party rank-and-file for immediate persecution of the Jews while not allowing it to damage his fragile relationship with the army, big businesses and Hindenburg
What was the main emphasis of Nazi anti-Semitic policy earlier on
Propaganda and legislation
What was the major event that signalled anti-semitism to the SA and nazi rank file in 1933?
The Boycott of Jewish shops
The main significant anti-semitism events that took place in 1933
Boycott of Jewish shops
Jewish teachers dismissed from schools and universities
School curriculum changed to give an anti-Semitic bias in subjects such as biology and history
What was one of the first difficulties of anti-Semitic legislation/ policies in 1933
How was this solved
Defining who was Jewish as there was no scientific way of identification.
After some discussion people were considered Jewish if either of their parents or a grandparent were practicing jews
What was the boycott of Jewish shops claimed to be?
A retaliation against Jews in Germany and elsewhere calling for a boycott of German goods
Who enforced the boycott of Jewish shops 1933
The SA, which set up pickets outside Jewish owned businesses
When was the boycott of Jewish shops
April 1933
Who was targeted in the boycott of Jewish shops
Business owners (pickets outside their businessses)
Jewish professionals such as lawyers and doctors attacked in the street
Jewish school teachers and lecturers attacked y the SA
Who was targeted in the 1933 boycott?
Businesses owners (pickets outside their businesses)
Jewish professionals such as doctors and lawyers attacked in the streets
Jewish teachers and lecturers attacked by the SA
What accompanied the boycott of Jewish shops 1933?
A propaganda campaign launched by Goebbels
How long did the boycott 1933 last for?
Only one day
How did many Germans react to the boycott 1933?
Defied the Germans and continued to use Jewish shops
Why did the boycott not take off?
Many Germans continued to use Jewish shops
There were difficulties in identifying Jewish-owned businesses
What is likely regarding Hitlers involvement in the boycott 1933?
He was not enthusiastic about allowing the SA to control events and threaten his relationship with his conservative allies. It is likely he allowed the boycott to go ahead to placate the SA but he never intended it to last very long.
What law regarding civil servants was passed in April 1933?
The Law for the restoration of a professional civil service required Jews be dismissed from the civil service
What lessened the impact of the civil service laws 1933?
What event changed this?
Hitker insisted exemptions for Jews who had served in the armed forces in the First World War and for those whose fathers had been killed in the war.
This lessened the laws impact until after the death of Hindenburg when no Jews were exempt
What was the impact of the 1933 civil service law?
Alarmed Germany’s Jewish population
Around 37,000 Jews emigrated in 1933
What other anti-Semitic legislation was passed in 1933?
Why were these not all effective?
Laws passed to exclude Jews from professional jobs (but they were slow to take effect)
April 1933- Jewish doctors banned from treating non-jews (although many continued to do so)
What law passed in April 1933 restricted jews education?
The law against overcrowding of german schools and universities - restricted the number of Jewish children who could attend state schools and universities (although this process was not completed until 1938)
What control of the press legislation was made in 1933?
The Reich Press Law of October 1933, introduced strict censorship and control of the press, and gave the regime the right to remove Jewish journalists from employment.
When were the Nuremburg laws introduced
Announced at the Nazi party rally in Nuremburg in 1935 and introduced on the 15th September
What were some of the laws in the Nuremburg laws?
Jews are not citizens of Germany
Marriages between Jews and citizens of German blood are forbidden
Jews cannot hire female citizens under age of 45 of german blood to help in their homes
Jews are forbidden to display the national flag
Jews prohibited from being lawyers, doctors or journalists
Jews prohibited from using German government hospitals
No jews can go to german schools past age of 14
Public parks, libraries and beaches closed to jews
Jews cant collect money if they win the lottery
How would jews be punished if the Nuremburg laws were broken
Punished with hard labour, prison or a fine
Who was responsible for enforcing the Nuremburg laws
Civil servants, judges and the gestapo
What did the Nuremburg laws determine a ‘full jew’ and
How was a ‘half jew’ treated differently
‘Full jew’ - a person who has three Jewish grandparents, or two Jewish rand parents and was married to a jew
A half jew was allowed to serve in lower ranks of military
Despite no longer being citizens of Germany what were jews and therefore what did they have to do
Subjects - they still had obligations to the state such as taxes
What discrimination took place alongside laws in this period?
Local authorities introduced resitrcitions on public facilities like swimming pools
Some Privately owned businesses (eg pubs, resteraunts) advertised that jews weren’t welcome
Were all germna people involved in this discrimination?
Gestapo reports suggest that many Germans didnt support the open discrimination but it was dangerous to express these opinions openly.
Extent of discrimination varied area to area
Some signs were displayed to please local party officials but wer not rigorously enforced
What was discrimination like during the Olympic Games
Mindful of Germanys reputation in foreign countries, Hitker ordered that anti-Semitic signs and the enforcement of laws should ber downplayed during the olympics
Examples of legislation excluding jews from recreational activities
25th April 1933 - jews excluded from sports and gymnastic clubs
9th july 1933 - excluded from german chess federation
16th august 1933 - excluded from choirs
