19 - Collaboration, Cooperation, Reciprocity Flashcards
Joint goal
(1) Must have mutual knowledge of the joint goal
(2) Satisfied for one partner only if it is satisfied for others as well
(3) Requires that all partners be committed to seeing activity thru to the finish line, and that all partners get an appropriate share of benefits
Joint goal study (Hamann, Tomasello, Warneken)
Studied 2.5 and 3.5 yr old children’s understanding of joint goal - following thru. Reward for one becomes available earlier than for other; see if child who gets reward continues task so that other child gets share. Appears that child immediately helps after getting block if they collaborated with the other child, rather than if they didn’t have to work to get the block at all. But big difference between age 2 and 3 - much more help in latter. Moreover, 2 year olds do not discriminate in their immediate support between conditions (collaboration and baseline)
Collaboration and joint goals
Just because young children act collaboratively does not imply that they are engaging in joint goals. JG not just performing behavior, but also about understanding partner’s goal and behaving accordingly.
Alternative explanations to Hamann joint goal study
May be that 2.5 year olds lack planning insight. Could also be their inability to pay attention to other side of apparatus. But tested with an object where they could retrieve both on their own - were able to.
Interpretation of Hamann results
Previous results show that 2 yr olds engage in collaboration. These results indicate that the 2 yr olds nevertheless do not have concern for partner’s goals. Also do not distinguish between collaborative and baseline. Appears that 3 year olds have normative obligations. Understand joint goals have mutual commitments. 2 year olds may realize others have same goal as them but may not realize that they have different goals
Spontaneous helping study
Do children need to get cues in order to figure out the other needs help? Can they infer based on contextual clues? Experimenter engaged in another task while something drops. Some drop on purpose. As got older, more likely to help when accidentally drop; less likely when drop on purpose. Also proactive prosocial behavior associated with communication
Results of spontaneous helping study
Children can help without concurrent cues. Children from 2 years onwards spontaneously help others. However 2yo more likely to help the stronger the cue they are given
Equal sharing study
Children collaborate to move board to access toy. one gets more. If the action is collaborative, then the kids more likely to distribute evenly. If neither has to work then less likely. Sig differences only in 3yo. In collaborative, children who got viewer rewards more vocal. This effect even if it is the last task/they know that they will not have to collaborate on future tasks.
Chimpanzee equal sharing?
Nope. Lucky chimps who get extra grape never give to unlucky.
