19 Century and Modern Architecture Flashcards
<p>started in England and spread throughout Europe and America</p>
<p>
| INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION</p>
<p>It is a change from an agrarian, handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacture.</p>
<p>INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION </p>
<p>Industrialization involved 3 important developments:
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<p>1. Transportation was expanded
2. Electricity was effectively harnessed
3. Industrial process improvements accelerated production
</p>
<p>Impact on Architecture:</p>
<p>1. Steel, glass &amp; iron and concrete created structures of unimaginable size, form &amp; function like skyscrapers, bridges, roads.
2. New inventions like elevators, escalators, air-conditioning system &amp; lighting
</p>
<p>by Abraham Darby, is the worlds first arch iron bridge.</p>
<p>Severn River Bridge</p>
<p>by Isambard Brunel. The suspended cables are of wrought iron.</p>
<p>Clifton Suspension Bridge</p>
<p>by John Nash is a Moorish Revival with onion domes. It has superimposed cast iron frame.</p>
<p>The Royal Pavilion, Brighton</p>
<p>boasts the greatest collection of 250 cast-iron architecture in the world</p>
<p>SoHo (South Houston) District</p>
<p>by Joseph Paxton. The Crystal Palace was a cast-iron and plate-glass building originally erected in Hyde Park, London, England, to house the Great Exhibition of 1851. </p>
<p>Crystal Palace</p>
<p>Because of the recent invention of the cast plate glass method in 1848, which allowed for large sheets of cheap but strong glass, it was at the time the largest amount of glass ever seen in a building with its clear walls and ceilings that did not require interior lights,</p>
<p>Crystal Palace</p>
<p>by William Henry Barlow. The train shed, completed in 1868 by Barlow, was the largest single-span roof in the world at that time. The façade was designed by George Gilbert Scott.</p>
<p>St. Pancras Station</p>
<p>by Giuseppe Mengoni, is a magnificent shopping arcade in Milan, covered with glass and iron roof</p>
<p>Galleria Vittorio Emmanuel (Milan Galleria</p>
<p>by William LeBaron Jenney, was the world’s first skyscraper at 10 storeys high. It was called the “Father of the Skyscraper”. Steel frame was used and exterior was finished in bricks. Two storeys were added in 1890. The building was demolished in 1931</p>
<p>Home Insurance Building</p>
<p>by Gustave Eiffel for the 1889 Exposition Universellle celebrating the 100th year anniversary of the French Revolution. An icon of technological prowess in pre-fabricated iron, it is France’s symbol in the world and the showcase of Paris.</p>
<p>Eiffel Tower</p>
<p>It is a term used to refer to the conflict between Gothic and Classical ideas.</p>
<p>BATTLE STYLES </p>
<p>This may equally be described as the “Age of Innovation”.</p>
<p>Battle of Styles</p>
<p>It is a style applied to the settlements built by immigrants combining the architecture of their mother countries to that of their new lands, creating a design hybrid</p>
<p>I. COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE </p>
<p>in timber frame, was the home of Judge Jonathan Corwin, a local magistrate with direct ties to the Witchcraft Trials of 1692.</p>
<p>Corwin House</p>
<p>was an example of the “Brique-entre-Poteaux” (brick between posts) style of architecture. It was owned by a prominent citizen during the French and Spanish colonial regimes. He was among the first French to wear allegiance to the Spanish government in order to transact grains supply to the ruling government.</p>
<p>Gabriel Peyreaux House</p>
<p>is the oldest surviving Spanish Colonial dwelling in Florida. Walls are made of coquina (shell stone). It was owned by Tomas González, a Spanish sailor turned artillery man. The last owner was Geronimo Alvarez, the first mayor of St. Augustine.</p>
<p>González-Alvarez House</p>
<p>), owned by Joseph Brunner, a German migrant. Roof is gabled and walls are made of two feet thick sandstone.
</p>
<p>
| Schifferstadt Architectural Museum</p>
<p>is a 19th century style patterned after the Middle Ages.</p>
<p>II. Gothic Revival Architecture </p>
<p>was rebuilt by Charles Barry and Augustus Pugin.</p>
<p>London House of Parliament </p>
<p>This is a style derived from the architecture of Classical Greece and Rome and the architecture of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio</p>
<p>III. Neoclassical Architecture (1780-1850)
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was derived from the Architecture of Scottish brothers, James and Robert Adam. The style became known in the U.S. as the Federal Style. There is a lightness and restrained delicacy to Federal architectural components
a. The Adam Style or Federal Style
was originally the home of Thomas Peter and his wife, Martha Parke Custis Peter, the step-granddaughter of George Washington.
Tudor Place
was the oldest stock exchange in the United States, founded in 1790
Philadelphia Stock Exchange (PHLX)
is an American form of Palladian-inspired architecture associated with U.S. president Thomas Jefferson.
Jeffersonian Architecture
is the autobiographical masterpiece of Thomas Jefferson (3rd President of the USA). It was designed and redesigned and built and rebuilt for more than forty years. Its gardens were a botanic showpiece, a source of food, and an experimental laboratory of ornamental and useful plants from around the world.
Tomas Jefferson’s House
by Benjamin Latrobe, is America’s first Roman Catholic Cathedral.
Baltimore Basilica
by James Hoban (later additions by McKim, Mead & White) has been the residence of every US President since 1800
White House
This is a French-inspired neoclassical style that takes its name from the Empire style under napoleon’s rule, inspired by the grandeur of ancient Egypt and imperial Rome
Empire Style
by William Thornton, Stephen Hallet & Benjamin Latrobe. It serves as the seat of government for the United States Congress, the legislative branch of the U.S. federal government.
The United States Capitol (1800
This style was developed in Britain by John Nash. The style was derived from Italy’s rambling farmhouses, usually built of masonry, with their characteristic square towers and informal detailing.
ITALIANATE ARCHITECTURE/ Bracketed Style
was the most popular design in the United States due to the variety of construction materials
Italianate
by William Bushnell built as a wedding gift to his daughter Amelia, who in 1866 had married Philip E. Chapin.
Philip Chapin House
by Henry Austin, was a summer home for hotelier Ruggles Sylvester Morse. The house was sold to Joseph Ralph Libby, a Portland merchant.
Morse-Libby House
by Nicholson & Wadskier Architects, was owned by a steamboat magnate.
Joseph Russell Jones Mansion
by Samuel Sloan, was owned by a Philadelphia industrialist.
George Allen House
This style is also called the “national style” due to popularity.
EARLY NATIONAL STYLE
by multiple architects begun by Henry Walter, is the seat of government for the state of Ohio.
Ohio Statehouse
A fascination for the architecture of Renaissance Europe and the villas of Andrea Palladio.
b. Renaissance Revival
by Richard Morris Hunt. The Breakers is the grandest of Newport’s summer “cottages” and a symbol of the Vanderbilt family’s social and financial pre-eminence in turn of the century America. Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt (1794-1877) established the family fortune in steamships and later in the New York Central Railroad.
The Breakers Mansion
It was the modern fashion of the late 19th century, copying the vogue French building styles.
a. Second Empire
was a preferred style for public buildings in the U.S. that it was sometimes called the Gen. Grant Style.
Second Empire
It was originally known as the State, War, and Navy building.
Eisenhower Executive Bldg
was the largest fish market of the 19th century
Old Billingsgate Market, London
, in honor of Victor Emanuel, the first king of United Italy.
National Monument to Victor Emmanuel II
is a celebration of wood technology allowing lots of trim detail and was developed by an American architect Richard Morris Hunt. This style stressed the wall surface rather than applying decorative elements merely at windows, doors, and cornices. Stick houses were architect-designed for people of wealth and standing.
b. Stick Style
by August F. Newmann, was owned by a German settler, a bank president, a grain dealer and owner of the Timm Elevator Co.
Herman C. Timm House
by Richard Morris Hunt, was owned by an Old China Trade merchant.
John Griswold House
by Henry Martin Jones, was owned by a manufacturer whose success was derived from silver and silver-plate products.
Isaac Lewis House
is a hallmark example of the Stick Style by Frank Furness, owned by Dr. Emlen Physick Jr.
The Physick House
by Matthew Kavanaugh, is the best known group of row houses in SF area. Colors accentuate the architectural details.
Painted Ladies or Postcard Row
This style introduced by Richard Norman Shaw, took inspiration from England, but developed into something uniquely American
c. Queen Anne
The style is often called romantic and feminine and is the most elaborate and the most eccentric of all the Victorian styles.
c. Queen Anne (
by Bruce and Morgan architectural firm, was owned by John Robert Carmichael, businessman and proprietor of the Carmichael Buggy Company.
Carmichael Mansion
) was the boyhood home of American author John Steinbeck.
John Steinbeck House
an exquisite example of the Queen Anne style, was a wedding gift from his father, William Carson.
J. Milton Carson House (The Pink Lady)
was owned by William Carson, California’s first major lumber baron. It was regarded as one of the highest executions of American Queen Anne Style architecture. “A baronial castle in Redwood”, the mansion is an illusion of grandeur heightened by the play on scale, the use of fanciful detail and the handling of mass as separate volumes, topped by a lively roofscape
The Carson Mansion
This style was largely confined to small domestic buildings and small churches. This genre was meant to improvise and emphasize charm and quaintness. Trims were done due to the invention of the scroll saw.
d. Carpenter Gothic
was owned by the founder of the First National Bank of Buena Vista
James M. Bonney House
) by Joseph Collins Wells, was family summer home of a wealthy newspaper publisher.
Henry C. Bowen House
by Alexander Jackson Davis, was owned by a wealthy industrialist.
Henry Delamater House
It is a style for simple homes made elaborate with factory-made decorative trimmings. Folk Victorian homes often present a light, airy feel.
e. Folk Victorian
was owned by a wealthy businessman E.C. Knight and gifted to his daughter, Annie knight.
Knight House
was a summer retreat house of a river pilot and captain before becoming a governor
Napoleon Bonaparte Broward House
Also called Neo-Romanesque, this style was especially suited for public buildings, schools, churches and mansions it was introduced by an American architect Henry Hobson Richardson.
f. Romanesque Revival
This style originated from Stick and Queen Anne in which the entire building was covered with shingles. Emphasis is on mass and horizontality.
g. Shingle Style
were two of the notable firms of the era that popularized the Shingle style, mainly summer cottages for the rich.
McKim, Mead & White | Peabody & Steams
was a rural country house for journalist William L. Crounse.
Crounse House
was home to industrialist and art collector whose gift of the Freer Art Gallery began the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
Charles Lang Freer House
This defined the eclectic movement of the early 20th century, which consisted of a simultaneous and completing interest in both modern and historic architectural traditions
PERIOD STYLES
features the gambrel roof
Dutch Colonial Revival
has a cantilevered front at the 2nd storey.
Garrison Colonial Revival
has two stories at the front and one story at the rear. It has a long, pitched roof that slopes down to the back (catslide), generally a wooden frame house.
Saltbox Colonial revival
is dominated by steeply-pitched gabled roofs and half timbering.
Tudor Revival
is a remnant of the Spanish Colonial Style.
Spanish Colonial Revival
is a regional vernacular style with Hispanic past and associated with Spanish Colonial Revival.
Mission Revival
The depot was completed just before tracks were laid that would unite Petaluma and Eureka
Northwestern Pacific Train Depot
is a regional architectural style of the Southwestern United States inspired by the Hopi Indian Pueblo and the Spanish Colonial Style. Pueblos are old and modern communities of Native Americans.
Pueblo revival
was inspired by the architecture of the Mediterranean coast like Spain, France, Italy and North Africa. The style was common for seaside villas.
b. Mediterranean Revival
formerly Gianni Versace’s Mansion, South Beach, Miami, Fl. (1930) by Alden Freeman. It was owned by Alden Freeman and purchased by Versace in 1992.
Casa Casuarina
was an exotic revival in the late 18th and early 19th century adopted in Europe and the Americas due to the Romanticist fascination with all things oriental. This was also due to the increasing trade and contact with the Far East. The style gained popularity in theatres and synagogues.
Moorish Revival
depended on sculptural decoration along conservative modern lines, employing French and Italian Baroque and Rococo elements
c. Beaux Arts
It was constructed for the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition.
Palace of Fine Arts
, was the last major American building constructed in the Beaux-Arts style.
San Francisco War Memorial Opera House
by Reed and Stern and Warren and Wetmore and restored by Beyer, Blinder & Bell. Described as the world’s loveliest, it is also the largest train terminal in the world by number of platforms.
Grand Central Terminal
by McKim, Mead and White, is the major intercity train station and a major commuter rail hub in New York City. It was demolished in 1963.
Penn Station
by Charles Garnier is a mixture of Neo-Renaissance and Neo-Baroque. It was the setting for the stage play Phantom of the Opera.
Garnier Opera House
inaugurated for the Universal Exhibition in 1900, was the first rail urban terminal in the world to have electric power. After being closed, it reopened in 1986 as Musee d’Orsay.
Gare d’Orsay
was an anti-industrial movement centered on vernacular architecture. Designers used local materials and traditional folk styles to create a distinctive and modern design. The objective is to revive traditional building and craft skills and to build something new but old-looking.
ARTS & CRAFTS
by Charles and Henry Greene, is an outstanding example of American Arts and Crafts style architecture. It was owned by David and Mary Gamble of the Procter and Gamble Company.
Gamble House
by Charles and Henry Greene. It was owned by a lumber baron.
William R. Thorsen House
was built by Lummis himself, an archaeologist and a writer,
Charles Lummis House
This style was innovative, revolutionary and new, hence, its name new art. It started in Paris and spread throughout Europe and the United States.
ART NOVEAU (New Art)
stemmed from the name of the Parisian art gallery, called “La Maison de l’Art Nouveau”, owned by the avant-garde art-collector Siegfried Bing
Art Nouveau
