19 CAC

Question 1

Define metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism (amphibolic, Krebs cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle)

Question 2

Provide an overview of the mitochondrial structure (matrix, cristae, inner membrane, intermembrane space)

Question 3

Provide an overview of the reactions in the citric acid cycle (NADH, FADH(sub2), oxidative decarboxylation)

Question 4

Explain the individual roles of the different enzymes (pyruvate dehydrogenase, dihydrolipoyl transacetylase, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase) convert pyruvate into acetyl-CoA (TPP, hydroxyethyl TPP, lipoic acid)

Question 5

What are the eight reactions of the citric acid cycle including the enzymes involved

Question 6

Explain the chemical logic behind the formation of citric acid

Question 7

Explain why the formation of alpha-ketoglutarate is a control point in the citric acid cycle

Question 7

Explain the chemical logic behind the conversion of citrate into isocitrate

Question 8

Explain why the formation of succinyl-CoA is a control point in the citric acid cycle

Question 9

Compare the previous reaction with the reaction that converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA

Question 10

Explain the chemical logic behind the conversion of succinyl-CoA into succinate

Question 11

Explain the chemical logic behind the conversion of succinate into fumarate

Question 12

Explain the chemical logic behind the conversion of fumarate into malate.

Question 13

Explain the chemical logic behind the conversion of malate into oxaloacetate.

Question 14

Explain how each reaction is regulated to either go in the forward or the reverse direction (energetics or equilibrium?)

Question 15

Explain the role of the citric acid cycle in catabolism (breakdown of biomolecules aside from glucose such as amino acids and lipids)

Question 15

Explain why plants are able to produce carbohydrates from acetyl-CoA whereas animals can’t (glyoxylate pathway).

Question 16

Explain the role of the citric acid cycle in anabolism (formation of biomolecules such as glucose, amino acids, lipids, and nucleic acids)

Question 17

Differentiate between glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids