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Religious Studies Exams > 19/6 1st Religious Studies Exam > Flashcards

19/6 1st Religious Studies Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What do Libertarianists believe?

A

They maintain that we are free to act and are morally responsible.

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2
Q

What did John Stewart Mill say about free will?

A

“In this age, the mere example of non-conformity, the refusal to bend to the knee is in its self a service.”

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3
Q

Outline moral responsibility?

A

It may be mitigated by the degree of how free we were when committing the act.

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4
Q

Why did Mill believe free will was paramount?

A

So we could develop into rational being.

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5
Q

What did Mill say about society?

A

“Society is only as good as the individual.”

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6
Q

What does Islam teach about individuality?

A

It teaches complete surrender to Allah, so any idea of the ‘individual’ is alien to them.

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7
Q

What did St.Augustine say about the Bible?

A

The Bible consists of moral stories to teach us.

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8
Q

What kinds of social sciences and sciences go against free will?

A

Biological and psychological determinism, as well as behaviorism. Like that of Bandura, Freud, Zimbardo and Skinner.

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9
Q

How does our own free will affect others?

A

If we choose to not let somebody past on a thin path, they’re forced to move not by choice.

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10
Q

How do our genes determine us?

A

They separate us from animals.

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11
Q

What did Kant believe about humans?

A

We are free to make rational choices.

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12
Q

What is the conscience?

A

The way we decide what’s right and wrong through moral obligations and it shouldn’t be ignored.

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13
Q

What did Gasley say the Bible’s purpose was?

A

To tell battles of will and the reflection of sin.

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14
Q

What did St.Paul say about the conscience?

A

He called it “an awareness of good vs bad”

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15
Q

What did Bowie say the conscience was?

A

“It is the built-in monitor of moral action.”

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16
Q

What does the conscience do?

A

The reason making moral judgments or choice values.

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17
Q

What did Aquinas believe the conscience was?

A

It was a device to help make moral decisions rather than an inner knowledge.

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18
Q

What did Buther believe the conscience was?

A

A god given gift such as self love and benevolence from god.

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19
Q

What is Syndensis?

A

It’s the right reason, awareness to do right over wrong.

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20
Q

What is conscientia?

A

It distinguishes between Right and wrong.

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21
Q

What did Aquinas say that was bad about the conscience?

A

It can be wrong.

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22
Q

What did Newman describe the conscience was?

A

“A law written by god.”

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23
Q

What is hard determinism?

A

All human actions are caused by prior influences.

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24
Q

What is soft determinism?

A

Some human actions are determined, but we still have moral judgments.

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25
Q

What is free will?

A

The ability to act at one own’s discretion.

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26
Q

What did Spinoza say about determinism in every day life?

A

He says we’re ignorant to the causes all around us.

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27
Q

What did Honderich say about determinism?

A

Are actions are no more than effects of other equally necessitated events.

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28
Q

What influences effect someone’s determinism?

A

Socio-economic and religio-cultural

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29
Q

What do soft determinists believe?

A

They believe free will and determinism are compatible.

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30
Q

What other name do soft determinists go by?

A

Compatiablists.

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31
Q

What did Hume believe?

A

All actions have a cause,

32
Q

What did Aquinas believe?

A

“Man chooses out of necessity but freely.”

33
Q

Quote Honderich on hard determinism?

A

“Determinism is true, soft determinism is false.”

34
Q

What did John Locke say about hard Determinism?

A

“Freedom of choice is an illusion.”

35
Q

How does guilt prove free will?

A

We know we’ve done wrong willfully that’s why we feel remorse.

36
Q

How does the criminal justice system prove that we have free will?

A

Because criminals are always held accountable.

37
Q

What did Peter Van Inwagen refer to free will and determinism as?

A

Free will: walking down a road with turnings.

Determinism: walking down a road with no turnings.

38
Q

How did Hume support free will?

A

Correlation not causation.

39
Q

How does Voltaire argue we are determined in every way?

A

Everything we do and everything we are is effected by other things.

40
Q

What are virtue ethics?

A

Concentrated on improving the human character.

41
Q

What did Aristotle argue about goals?

A

All humans do actions with one end; the greatest good.

42
Q

What is Eudaimonia?

A

What makes someone truly happy and should be pursued by everyone.

43
Q

Give three examples of Aristotle’s vices of deficient and excess of virtues?

A

Deficiency: Mean: Excess:
Cowardice. Courage. Rashness.
Insensibility. Temperance. Intemperance.
Pettiness. Munifence. Vulgarity,

44
Q

What did MacIntyre say about morality today?

A

“We have very largely, if not entirely lost our comprehension, both theoretical and practically of morality.”

45
Q

What three types of people did MacIntyre propose?

A

The manager: pursues efficiency
The aesthete: treats others as they wish to be treated
The therapist: concerned with others.

46
Q

What is a perfect society?

A

One in which people recognize commonly agreed virtues and aspire to meet them.

47
Q

What are Aretes?

A

Virtues.

48
Q

What are Ethos?

A

Character,

49
Q

What is supreme happiness?

A

Happiness of the individual and the community.

50
Q

What are the four cardinal christian virtues?

A

Prudence, justice, fortitude and temperance.

51
Q

What are Artistole’s six virtues?

A

Prudence, intuition, intelligence, wisdom, scientific knowledge and art of crafts,

52
Q

What did Aristotle say about actions?

A

“To judge a man is to judge his actions.”

53
Q

What did Keenan say where the questions one should ask to discover more oneself?

A

Who am I? Who ought I to become? How do I get there?

54
Q

What did Rachel’s say about life’s struggles?

A

Honesty, loyalty, friendship help humans through struggles.

55
Q

Define virtue?

A

Virtues are our intentions and the wish to act.

56
Q

What four types of people did Aristotle propose?

A

Virtuous, consistent, inconsistent and vicious.

57
Q

What did Aristotle say about actions?

A

“It’s not the winning that counts it’s the taking part.”

58
Q

What are MacIntyre’s six virtues?

A

Courage, justice, temperance, widows, industriousness, hope and patience.

59
Q

What did Anscome believe?

A

Virtues and philosophy should be made more modern and done have to be in relation to god.

60
Q

What is Anscombe’s supermarket analogy?

A

You can’t blame the recipe if it was correct but you just didn’t get the right ingredients from the store.

61
Q

Outline Anscombe’s warm virtue ethics?

A
  • belief in god not necessary
  • ‘ought’ implies can
  • disregards theoretical ideas.
62
Q

What does Foot believe?

A

We are neglecting ethics.

63
Q

What is an issue that virtue ethics has trouble conquering?

A

Stealing to feed your starving children.

64
Q

How does Loudon criticize virtue ethics?

A

Offers no help for current dilemmas.

65
Q

How does Foot refer to Humans?

A

As wood left out to warp in the weather, in the rain and sun to become stronger.

66
Q

How is virtue ethics agent centered?

A

Concerned with the individual.

67
Q

Who first proposed looking inwards?

A

Aristotle.

68
Q

What did Aristotle argue all people aim for?

A

Happiness,

69
Q

How did Aristotle say we become virtuous?

A

“We become builders by building”

70
Q

What two types of virtues are there?

A

Moral and intellectual.

71
Q

How do we become virtues?

A

By doing virtuous things to a happy end.

72
Q

How did Bauer criticize virtue ethics?

A

Only reachable by men, it’s sexist and androcentric.

73
Q

Why does Foot say virtue ethics can’t be used to bad things?

A

It’s only virtuous if the end if to bring happiness.

74
Q

What did MacIntyre say is most virtuous?

A

“Virtuous that sustain households and communities.”

75
Q

What did Nietzsche and Machivali say about certain virtues?

A

Power and deceit are virtues not vices. They’re good things.

76
Q

How can extreme characters be good for society?

A

For social change and non-conformity.

77
Q

How does Keenan criticize the methodology behind virtue ethics?

A

How is it measured? Which is better and it’s very subjective.

Religious Studies Exams (3 decks)

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