19-1 Flashcards
1
Q
The urinary system consists of
A
- 2 kidneys
- 2 ureters
- 1 urinary bladder
- 1 urethra
2
Q
After the kidneys filter the blood, they return most of the water and many solutes to the…
A
bloodstream
3
Q
The remaining water and solute constitute…
A
urine
4
Q
what is the scientific study of the anatomy, physiology, and disorders of the kidneys?
A
Nephrology
5
Q
what is the branch of medicine that deals with the male and female urinary system, and
the male reproductive system.
A
Urology
6
Q
5 Functions of the Kidneys:
A
(1) Regulation of ion levels in the blood.
(2) Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure.
(3) Regulation of blood pH.
(4) Production of hormones.
(5) Excretion of wastes.
7
Q
what ions do the kidneys help regulate?
A
- potassium
- calcium
- chloride
- phosphate
8
Q
Functions of the kidney
A
- Regulation of ion levels in the blood
- Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure
- Regulation of blood pH
- Production of hormones
- Excretion of wastes
9
Q
the kidneys adjust the volume of blood in the body by…
A
returning water to the blood or eliminating it in the urine
10
Q
The kidneys secrete what enzyme that help regulate blood pressure?
A
renin
11
Q
what are the 2 hormones the kidney produce?
A
- Calcitriol
- Erythropoietin
12
Q
Kidneys excrete what waste from the breakdown of amino acids?
A
Ammonia and urea
13
Q
Kidneys excrete what waste from the breakdown of hemoglobin?
A
Bilirubin
14
Q
Kidneys excrete what waste from the breakdown of creatine phosphate in muscle fibers?
A
Creatinine
15
Q
Kidneys excrete what waste from the breakdown of nucleic acids?
A
Uric acid
16
Q
Other wastes excreted in urine are foreign substances from the diet, such as…
A
drugs and environmental toxins
17
Q
what transports urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?
A
ureters
18
Q
where are the kidneys located?
A
- either side of the vertebral column between the peritoneum and back wall of the abdominal cavity
- level of the 12th thoracic and first 3 lumbar vertebrae
19
Q
what ribs provide protection for the kidneys?
A
11th and 12th
20
Q
what is the indentation called where the ureter leaves the kidney, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and exit.
A
renal helium
21
Q
what surrounds each kidney, is a smooth transparent connective tissue sheath that helps maintain the shape of the kidney and serves as a barrier against trauma?
A
renal capsule
22
Q
extensions of the renal cortex that fill the spaces between renal pyramids are called
A
renal columns
23
Q
what surrounds the renal capsule and cushions the kidney?
A
adipose tissue
24
Q
what % and how many mL of blood flow through the kidneys per min?
A
20-25%
1200mL
25
what are the 2 main regions of the kidney?
1. renal cortex
2. renal medulla
26
what is the outer light red region of the kidney called?
renal cortex
27
what is the darker red-brown region of the kidney called?
renal medulla
28
what are the functional units of the kidneys?
Nephrons
29
the small blood vessel carrying blood out of the glomerulus is the…
efferent arteriole
30
How do kidneys adjust the volume of blood in the body?
by returning water to the blood or eliminating it in the urine
31
How do the kidneys help regulate blood pressure?
* by secreting the enzyme renin, which activates the renin-angiotensin pathway.
* by adjusting blood flow into and out of the kidneys, and by adjusting blood volume
32
How do the kidneys regulate blood pH?
* they regulate the concentration of H+ by excreting H+ out in the urine
* they also conserve blood bicarbonate ions, an important buffer of H+
33
what is Calcitriol?
active form of vit D
34
What are the 3 main steps for urine elimination
1. Urine formed by the kidneys passes first in the ureters
2. Then to the urinary bladder for storage
3. Finally through the urethra for elimination from the body
35
what do the ureters do?
transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
36
what does the urinary bladder do?
stores urine and expels it into the urethra
37
what does the urethra do?
discharges urine from the body
38
what is the path of blood flow through the kidneys?
1. renal artery
2. afferent arteriole
3. glomerulus
4. efferent arteriole
5. renal vein
39
what are the 2 parts of a nephron?
1. renal corpuscle
2. renal tubule
40
what are the 2 parts that make up a renal corpuscle
1. glomerulus
2. glomerular capsule
41
where is blood plasma filtered?
renal corpuscle
42
where does the glomerular filtrate pass through?
renal tubule
43
what is a double walled cup of epithelial cells that surround the glomerular capillaries?
glomerular capsule
44
3 main sections of the renal tubule?
1. proximal convoluted tubule
2. loop of Henle
3. distal convoluted tubule
45
what are the 3 basic processes performed by nephrons?
1. glomerular filtration
2. tubular reabsorption
3. tubular secretion
46
5 steps of Flow of fluid through a cortical nephron
1. Glomerular capsule
2. Proximal convoluted tube
3. Descending nephron loop
4. Ascending nephron loop
5. Distal convoluted tube
47
7 steps Pathway of urine drainage
1. Collecting duct
2. Papillary duct
3. Minor calyx
4. Major Calyx
5. Renal pelvis
6. Ureter
7. Urinary bladder
48
fluid filtered by the glomerulus that enters the glomerular capsule is called…
glomerular filtrate
49
what are the 2 layers of cells that compose the renal capsule?
1. podocytes (inner)
2. simple squamous epithelial cells (outer)
50
what are the 2 opposing pressures to glomerular filtration?
1. blood colloid osmotic pressure
2. glomerular capsule pressure
51
If either of the opposing pressures increase the glomerular filtration \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
decreases
52
Net filtration pressure is approx?
10mmHg
53
Net filtration Female:
150L
54
Net filtration Males:
180L
55
Net filtration pressure =
glomerular capillary blood pressure - blood colloidal osmotic pressure + glomerular capsule pressure
56
which is smaller efferent or afferent arterioles?
efferent
57
the amount of filtrate that forms in both kidneys every minute
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
58
GFR females
105mL/min
59
GFR males
125mL/min
60
If GFR is too high
unable to be reabsorbed pass out as urine
61
If GFR is too low
all the filtrate is reabsorbed, not properly excreted
62
is a hormone that promotes loss of sodium ions and water in urine, because it increases glomerular filtration rate
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
63
How is ANP secreted?
cells in the atria of the heart secrete ANP when the heart is stretched, as when blood volume increases
64
it increases loss of sodium ions and water in urine, which reduces blood volume back to normal
ANP
65
the kidneys are supplied by (sympathetic/parasympathetic) neurons?
sympathetic
66
Constriction of the afferent arteriole causes what?
* decreases blood flow into the glomerulus
* decreases net filtration pressure
67
Constriction of the efferent arteriole causes what?
* slows outflow of blood
* increases net filtration pressure
68
what are the 2 parts that make up the renal corpuscle?
1. glomerulus
2. glomerular capsule
69
3 main sections of the renal tubule
1. proximal convoluted tubule
2. loop of Henle
3. distal convoluted tubule
70
Glomerular filtrate passes into the
renal tubule
71
Convoluted means
tightly coiled
72
The renal corpuscle and both convoluted tubules lie within the…
renal cortex
73
the loop of Henle extends into the…
renal medulla
74
3 basic processes of a nephron
1. glomerular filtration
2. tubular reabsorption
3. tubular secretion
75
is the forcing of fluids and dissolved substances smaller than a certain size through a membrane by pressure.
Filtration
76
what is the first step of urine production?
Glomerular filtration
77
The tubule and duct cells remove substances, such as…
wastes, drugs, and excess ions
78
By the time filtered fluid has undergone tubular reabsorption and tublar secretion and enters the minor and major calyx it is now called
urine
79
returning most of the filtered water and many of the filtered solutes to the blood
Tubular reabsorption
80
filtered fluid becomes tubular fluid once it enters the
proximal convoluted tubule
81
what % of filtered water is typically reabsorbed?
99%
82
what % of water in glomerular filtrate is usually excreted?
1%
83
what cells all along the renal tubules and collecting ducts carry out tubular reabsorption?
Epithelial cells
84
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ make the largest contribution, reabsorbing \_\_\_% of the filtered water, \_\_% of the filtered glucose
* Proximal convoluted tubule cells
* 65%
* 100%
85
what converts most ammonia to urea?
liver cells
86
normal blood pH range
7.35 - 7.45
87
2 most important hormonal regulators of ion reabsorption and secretion are:
* angiotensin II
* aldosterone
88
what in the proximal convoluted tubules enhances reabsorption of Na+ and Cl-?
angiotensin II
89
what stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone?
Angiotensin II
90
what stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone?
Angiotensin II
91
what is a hormone that stimulates the tubule cells in the distal convoluted tubules to reabsorb more Na+ and Cl- and secrete more K+.
aldosterone
92
what stimulates secretion of K+ and is the major regulator of blood K+ level?
Aldosterone
93
As GFR increases,
Na+, Cl-, and water reabsorption decrease,
more water and salt are lost in the urine.
The final effect is to…
lower blood volume
94
The major hormone that regulates water reabsorption is…
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
95
When the concentration of water in the blood decreases by as little as 1%, ___________ in the hypothalamus stimulate release of ____ from the posterior pituitary.
osmoreceptors
ADH
96
A decrease in blood volume, such as hemorrhaging or severe dehydration, stimulates secretion of
ADH
97
Lower-than-normal level of Ca2+ in the blood stimulates the parathyroid glands to release
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
98
PTH in turn stimulates cells in the early distal convoluted tubules to reabsorb more ____ into the blood.
Ca2+
99
volume of urine eliminated per day in a normal adult is…
1 to 2 liters
100
Water accounts for about \_\_% of the total volume of urine
95%
101
the wall of the ureter consists of what 3 layers?
1. mucosa (inner)
2. smooth (middle)
3. outer (areolar connective tissue)
102
what is a hollow muscular organ situated in the pelvic cavity behind the pubic symphysis?
urinary bladder
103
where is the bladder located in males?
directly in front of the rectum
104
where is the bladder located in females?
in front of the vagina and below the uterus
105
Urinary bladder capacity averages
700–800 mL
106
the terminal portion of the urinary system is a small tube leading from the floor of the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body.
urethra
107
where is the urethra located in females?
directly behind the pubic symphysis and is embedded in the front wall of the vagina
108
where is the urethra located in males?
passes vertically through the prostate, the deep perineal muscles, and finally the penis.
109
urinary bladder stores urine prior to its elimination and then expels urine into the urethra by an act called
micturition/urination
110
when urine in the bladder exceeds how many mL? pressure in the bladder increases considerably
200 - 400 mL
111
In order for urination to occur what must happen?
* contraction of the urinary bladder
* relaxation of the sphincters
112
body fluids make up between \_\_-\_\_% of total body mass?
55% and 60%
113
How much of body fluid is intracellular fluid?
⅔
114
How much of fluid is extracellular?
⅓
115
what % of ECF is interstitial fluid?
80%
116
what % of ECF is blood plasma?
20%
117
ECF that are grouped w/ interstitial fluid include:
1. pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal fluids
2. lymph
3. endolymph and perilymph
4. aqueous & vitreous humor
5. synovial fluid
6. cerebrospinal fluid
118
what 2 barriers separate ICF, interstitial fluid, and blood plasma?
1. plasma membrane
2. blood vessel walls
119
plasma membrane separates ______ from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* ICF
* interstitial fluid
120
Blood vessel walls separate ______ from \_\_\_\_\_\_
* interstitial fluid
* blood plasma
121
water makes up what % of total body mass?
45-75%
122
what is the primary means of water movement between ICF and interstitial fluid?
osmosis
123
the body can gain water by what 2 things?
1. ingestions
2. metabolic reactions
124
The main sources of body water is…
how many mL each?
* ingested liquids 1600 mL
* moist foods 700 mL
125
Metabolic water gain accounts for about how many mL/day?
200
126
daily water gain totals about how many mL?
2500 mL
127
Each day the kidneys excrete about how many mL in urine?
1500 mL
128
\_\_\_\_\_mL evaporates from the skin
\_\_\_\_\_mL exhale from the lungs
\_\_\_\_\_mL eliminated from GI tract in feces
600 mL
300 mL
100 mL
129
what governs the urge to drink?
hypothalamus, thirst center
130
what stimulates the thirst center in the hypothalamus?
* Osmoreceptors
* Angiotensin II
131
2 main solutes in ECF are?
1. sodium ions (Na+)
2. chloride ions (Cl-)
132
what 3 hormones regulate Na+ and Cl- reabsorption?
1. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
2. Angiotensin II
3. Aldosterone.
133
Salty meal (increases/decreases) blood volume?
increases
134
Increase of blood volume causes what?
stretches the atria
releases ANP
135
ANP causes what?
increased loss of salt, decreases blood volume
136
Each kidney contains how many nephrons?
1 million each
137
The major hormone that regulates water loss is…?
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
138
Intracellular and Interstitial fluid normally have the same…
osmotic pressure
139
An increase in osmotic pressure causes cells to…
shrink
140
An decrease in osmotic pressure causes cells to…
swell
141
Changes in osmotic pressure often result from changes in concentration of…
Sodium
142
A decrease in osmotic pressure inhibits secretion of…
ADH
143
what are the most abundant cations in extracellular ions?
representing what % of extracellular cations?
Sodium ions (Na+)
90%
144
what are the most prevalent anions in extracellular fluid?
Chloride ions (Cl-)
145
what are the most abundant cations in intracellular fluid?
Potassium ions (K+)
146
The level of K+ in blood plasma is controlled mainly by
aldosterone
147
what % of calcium in adults is in the skeleton and teeth?
98%
148
2 main regulators of Ca2+ level in blood plasma?
1. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
2. Calcitriol
149
what enhances reabsorption of Ca2+?
PTH
150
4 functions of ions
1. Osmosis of water
2. Acid-base balance
3. Electrical current for action potentials
4. Cofactors for enzymes
151
what prevents rapid, drastic changes in the pH of a body fluid by converting strong acids and bases into weak acids and bases?
Buffer System
152
3 principal buffer systems of the body
1. protein buffer system
2. carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
3. phosphate buffer system
153
Which is the most abundant buffer in intracellular fluid and plasma, of the protein buffer system?
Proteins
154
The 3 principal buffer systems of the body?
1. protein buffer system
2. carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system
3. phosphate buffer system
155
which is the slowest mechanism but eliminates the most acids
kidney excretion of H+
156
which mechanism is powerful but can only regulate carbonic acid?
exhalation of carbon dioxide
157
pH less than 7.35 causes
Acidosis
158
pH greater than 7.45 causes
Alkalosis
159
the small blood vessel carrying blood out of the glomerulus is the…?
efferent arteriole
160
The Bowman's capsule is part of the…?
Renal corpuscle
161
what is the first part of the renal tubule?
Proximal convoluted tubule
162
what are the specialized epithelial cells that make up the inner wall of the glomerular capsule?
Podocytes
163
what is the first step in urine formation in a nephron?
glomerular filtration
164
The filtered fluid becomes tubular fluid once it enters the…?
proximal convoluted tubule
165
what processes are involved in tubular reabsorption?
* osmosis
* diffusion
* active transport
166
After tubule fluid leaves the distal convoluted tubule where does it go?
1. collecting ducts
2. papillary duct
3. minor calyx
4. major calyx
5. renal pelvis
6. ureters
7. bladder
8. urethra
167
From the collecting ducts of the nephrons, urine drains directly into the…?
Minor calyces
168
The tubular structure that connects the kidneys to the urinary bladder is the…?
Ureter
169
Urine is expelled from the body by a process called…?
Micturition
170
which hormone increases reabsorption of water in the collecting tubules by stimulating insertion of water channels into the plasma membranes of cells in
the collecting ducts of the kidneys?
ADH
171
What % of the volume of normal urine is water?
95%
172
which part of the kidney filters the blood?
renal corpuscle
173
Secretion of ADH promotes what?
water reabsorption
174
During severe dehydration, ADH is maximal and the kidneys can produce as little as…?
400–500 mL of concentrated urine
175
what prevents backflow of urine when the pressure inside the bladder increase during micturition?
a physiological valve causing the bladder to
compress the ureters and thus prevent backflow of urine
176
Constriction of the afferent arteriole decreases blood flow into the glomerulus, which (increases/decreases) net filtration pressure?
decreases net filtration pressure
177
Constriction of the efferent arteriole slows outflow of blood, which (increases/decreases) net filtration pressure?
increases net filtration pressure
178
The layers of the smooth muscle found in the wall of the urinary bladder are called the…?
detrusor muscle
179
Low Ca2+ in the blood stimulates the parathyroid glands to release…
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
180
The most important hormonal regulators of ion reabsorption and secretion are…?
1. Angiotensin II
2. Aldosterone
181
When ADH is low, the kidneys produce a large volume of…
dilute urine
182
80% of ECF is…
interstitial fluid
183
20% of ECF is…
blood plasma
184
Fluid balance depends primarily on…
Electrolyte balance
185
Normal daily water loss and water gain are both equal to…
2500 mL
186
what 2 hormones regulate salt reabsorption?
1. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
2. Aldosterone
187
Each kidney has how many minor calyces?
8-12
188
Each kidney has how many major calyces?
2-3
