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Genitourinary Male > 19-1 > Flashcards

19-1 Flashcards

1
Q

The urinary system consists of

A
  • 2 kidneys
  • 2 ureters
  • 1 urinary bladder
  • 1 urethra
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2
Q

After the kidneys filter the blood, they return most of the water and many solutes to the…

A

bloodstream

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3
Q

The remaining water and solute constitute…

A

urine

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4
Q

what is the scientific study of the anatomy, physiology, and disorders of the kidneys?

A

Nephrology

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5
Q

what is the branch of medicine that deals with the male and female urinary system, and
the male reproductive system.

A

Urology

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6
Q

5 Functions of the Kidneys:

A

(1) Regulation of ion levels in the blood.
(2) Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure.
(3) Regulation of blood pH.
(4) Production of hormones.
(5) Excretion of wastes.

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7
Q

what ions do the kidneys help regulate?

A
  • potassium
  • calcium
  • chloride
  • phosphate
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8
Q

Functions of the kidney

A
  1. Regulation of ion levels in the blood
  2. Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure
  3. Regulation of blood pH
  4. Production of hormones
  5. Excretion of wastes
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9
Q

the kidneys adjust the volume of blood in the body by…

A

returning water to the blood or eliminating it in the urine

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10
Q

The kidneys secrete what enzyme that help regulate blood pressure?

A

renin

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11
Q

what are the 2 hormones the kidney produce?

A
  1. Calcitriol
  2. Erythropoietin
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12
Q

Kidneys excrete what waste from the breakdown of amino acids?

A

Ammonia and urea

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13
Q

Kidneys excrete what waste from the breakdown of hemoglobin?

A

Bilirubin

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14
Q

Kidneys excrete what waste from the breakdown of creatine phosphate in muscle fibers?

A

Creatinine

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15
Q

Kidneys excrete what waste from the breakdown of nucleic acids?

A

Uric acid

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16
Q

Other wastes excreted in urine are foreign substances from the diet, such as…

A

drugs and environmental toxins

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17
Q

what transports urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?

A

ureters

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18
Q

where are the kidneys located?

A
  • either side of the vertebral column between the peritoneum and back wall of the abdominal cavity
  • level of the 12th thoracic and first 3 lumbar vertebrae
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19
Q

what ribs provide protection for the kidneys?

A

11th and 12th

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20
Q

what is the indentation called where the ureter leaves the kidney, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and exit.

A

renal helium

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21
Q

what surrounds each kidney, is a smooth transparent connective tissue sheath that helps maintain the shape of the kidney and serves as a barrier against trauma?

A

renal capsule

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22
Q

extensions of the renal cortex that fill the spaces between renal pyramids are called

A

renal columns

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23
Q

what surrounds the renal capsule and cushions the kidney?

A

adipose tissue

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24
Q

what % and how many mL of blood flow through the kidneys per min?

A

20-25%

1200mL

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25
Q

what are the 2 main regions of the kidney?

A
  1. renal cortex
  2. renal medulla
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26
Q

what is the outer light red region of the kidney called?

A

renal cortex

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27
Q

what is the darker red-brown region of the kidney called?

A

renal medulla

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28
Q

what are the functional units of the kidneys?

A

Nephrons

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29
Q

the small blood vessel carrying blood out of the glomerulus is the…

A

efferent arteriole

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30
Q

How do kidneys adjust the volume of blood in the body?

A

by returning water to the blood or eliminating it in the urine

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31
Q

How do the kidneys help regulate blood pressure?

A
  • by secreting the enzyme renin, which activates the renin-angiotensin pathway.
  • by adjusting blood flow into and out of the kidneys, and by adjusting blood volume
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32
Q

How do the kidneys regulate blood pH?

A
  • they regulate the concentration of H+ by excreting H+ out in the urine
  • they also conserve blood bicarbonate ions, an important buffer of H+
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33
Q

what is Calcitriol?

A

active form of vit D

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34
Q

What are the 3 main steps for urine elimination

A
  1. Urine formed by the kidneys passes first in the ureters
  2. Then to the urinary bladder for storage
  3. Finally through the urethra for elimination from the body
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35
Q

what do the ureters do?

A

transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

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36
Q

what does the urinary bladder do?

A

stores urine and expels it into the urethra

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37
Q

what does the urethra do?

A

discharges urine from the body

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38
Q

what is the path of blood flow through the kidneys?

A
  1. renal artery
  2. afferent arteriole
  3. glomerulus
  4. efferent arteriole
  5. renal vein
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39
Q

what are the 2 parts of a nephron?

A
  1. renal corpuscle
  2. renal tubule
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40
Q

what are the 2 parts that make up a renal corpuscle

A
  1. glomerulus
  2. glomerular capsule
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41
Q

where is blood plasma filtered?

A

renal corpuscle

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42
Q

where does the glomerular filtrate pass through?

A

renal tubule

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43
Q

what is a double walled cup of epithelial cells that surround the glomerular capillaries?

A

glomerular capsule

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44
Q

3 main sections of the renal tubule?

A
  1. proximal convoluted tubule
  2. loop of Henle
  3. distal convoluted tubule
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45
Q

what are the 3 basic processes performed by nephrons?

A
  1. glomerular filtration
  2. tubular reabsorption
  3. tubular secretion
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46
Q

5 steps of Flow of fluid through a cortical nephron

A
  1. Glomerular capsule
  2. Proximal convoluted tube
  3. Descending nephron loop
  4. Ascending nephron loop
  5. Distal convoluted tube
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47
Q

7 steps Pathway of urine drainage

A
  1. Collecting duct
  2. Papillary duct
  3. Minor calyx
  4. Major Calyx
  5. Renal pelvis
  6. Ureter
  7. Urinary bladder
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48
Q

fluid filtered by the glomerulus that enters the glomerular capsule is called…

A

glomerular filtrate

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49
Q

what are the 2 layers of cells that compose the renal capsule?

A
  1. podocytes (inner)
  2. simple squamous epithelial cells (outer)
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50
Q

what are the 2 opposing pressures to glomerular filtration?

A
  1. blood colloid osmotic pressure
  2. glomerular capsule pressure
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51
Q

If either of the opposing pressures increase the glomerular filtration _______

A

decreases

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52
Q

Net filtration pressure is approx?

A

10mmHg

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53
Q

Net filtration Female:

A

150L

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54
Q

Net filtration Males:

A

180L

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55
Q

Net filtration pressure =

A

glomerular capillary blood pressure - blood colloidal osmotic pressure + glomerular capsule pressure

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56
Q

which is smaller efferent or afferent arterioles?

A

efferent

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57
Q

the amount of filtrate that forms in both kidneys every minute

A

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

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58
Q

GFR females

A

105mL/min

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59
Q

GFR males

A

125mL/min

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60
Q

If GFR is too high

A

unable to be reabsorbed pass out as urine

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61
Q

If GFR is too low

A

all the filtrate is reabsorbed, not properly excreted

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62
Q

is a hormone that promotes loss of sodium ions and water in urine, because it increases glomerular filtration rate

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

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63
Q

How is ANP secreted?

A

cells in the atria of the heart secrete ANP when the heart is stretched, as when blood volume increases

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64
Q

it increases loss of sodium ions and water in urine, which reduces blood volume back to normal

A

ANP

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65
Q

the kidneys are supplied by (sympathetic/parasympathetic) neurons?

A

sympathetic

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66
Q

Constriction of the afferent arteriole causes what?

A
  • decreases blood flow into the glomerulus
  • decreases net filtration pressure
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67
Q

Constriction of the efferent arteriole causes what?

A
  • slows outflow of blood
  • increases net filtration pressure
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68
Q

what are the 2 parts that make up the renal corpuscle?

A
  1. glomerulus
  2. glomerular capsule
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69
Q

3 main sections of the renal tubule

A
  1. proximal convoluted tubule
  2. loop of Henle
  3. distal convoluted tubule
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70
Q

Glomerular filtrate passes into the

A

renal tubule

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71
Q

Convoluted means

A

tightly coiled

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72
Q

The renal corpuscle and both convoluted tubules lie within the…

A

renal cortex

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73
Q

the loop of Henle extends into the…

A

renal medulla

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74
Q

3 basic processes of a nephron

A
  1. glomerular filtration
  2. tubular reabsorption
  3. tubular secretion
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75
Q

is the forcing of fluids and dissolved substances smaller than a certain size through a membrane by pressure.

A

Filtration

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76
Q

what is the first step of urine production?

A

Glomerular filtration

77
Q

The tubule and duct cells remove substances, such as…

A

wastes, drugs, and excess ions

78
Q

By the time filtered fluid has undergone tubular reabsorption and tublar secretion and enters the minor and major calyx it is now called

A

urine

79
Q

returning most of the filtered water and many of the filtered solutes to the blood

A

Tubular reabsorption

80
Q

filtered fluid becomes tubular fluid once it enters the

A

proximal convoluted tubule

81
Q

what % of filtered water is typically reabsorbed?

A

99%

82
Q

what % of water in glomerular filtrate is usually excreted?

A

1%

83
Q

what cells all along the renal tubules and collecting ducts carry out tubular reabsorption?

A

Epithelial cells

84
Q

______________ make the largest contribution, reabsorbing ___% of the filtered water, __% of the filtered glucose

A
  • Proximal convoluted tubule cells
  • 65%
  • 100%
85
Q

what converts most ammonia to urea?

A

liver cells

86
Q

normal blood pH range

A

7.35 - 7.45

87
Q

2 most important hormonal regulators of ion reabsorption and secretion are:

A
  • angiotensin II
  • aldosterone
88
Q

what in the proximal convoluted tubules enhances reabsorption of Na+ and Cl-?

A

angiotensin II

89
Q

what stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone?

A

Angiotensin II

90
Q

what stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone?

A

Angiotensin II

91
Q

what is a hormone that stimulates the tubule cells in the distal convoluted tubules to reabsorb more Na+ and Cl- and secrete more K+.

A

aldosterone

92
Q

what stimulates secretion of K+ and is the major regulator of blood K+ level?

A

Aldosterone

93
Q

As GFR increases,

Na+, Cl-, and water reabsorption decrease,

more water and salt are lost in the urine.

The final effect is to…

A

lower blood volume

94
Q

The major hormone that regulates water reabsorption is…

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

95
Q

When the concentration of water in the blood decreases by as little as 1%, ___________ in the hypothalamus stimulate release of ____ from the posterior pituitary.

A

osmoreceptors

ADH

96
Q

A decrease in blood volume, such as hemorrhaging or severe dehydration, stimulates secretion of

A

ADH

97
Q

Lower-than-normal level of Ca2+ in the blood stimulates the parathyroid glands to release

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

98
Q

PTH in turn stimulates cells in the early distal convoluted tubules to reabsorb more ____ into the blood.

A

Ca2+

99
Q

volume of urine eliminated per day in a normal adult is…

A

1 to 2 liters

100
Q

Water accounts for about __% of the total volume of urine

A

95%

101
Q

the wall of the ureter consists of what 3 layers?

A
  1. mucosa (inner)
  2. smooth (middle)
  3. outer (areolar connective tissue)
102
Q

what is a hollow muscular organ situated in the pelvic cavity behind the pubic symphysis?

A

urinary bladder

103
Q

where is the bladder located in males?

A

directly in front of the rectum

104
Q

where is the bladder located in females?

A

in front of the vagina and below the uterus

105
Q

Urinary bladder capacity averages

A

700–800 mL

106
Q

the terminal portion of the urinary system is a small tube leading from the floor of the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body.

A

urethra

107
Q

where is the urethra located in females?

A

directly behind the pubic symphysis and is embedded in the front wall of the vagina

108
Q

where is the urethra located in males?

A

passes vertically through the prostate, the deep perineal muscles, and finally the penis.

109
Q

urinary bladder stores urine prior to its elimination and then expels urine into the urethra by an act called

A

micturition/urination

110
Q

when urine in the bladder exceeds how many mL? pressure in the bladder increases considerably

A

200 - 400 mL

111
Q

In order for urination to occur what must happen?

A
  • contraction of the urinary bladder
  • relaxation of the sphincters
112
Q

body fluids make up between __-__% of total body mass?

A

55% and 60%

113
Q

How much of body fluid is intracellular fluid?

A

⅔

114
Q

How much of fluid is extracellular?

A

⅓

115
Q

what % of ECF is interstitial fluid?

A

80%

116
Q

what % of ECF is blood plasma?

A

20%

117
Q

ECF that are grouped w/ interstitial fluid include:

A
  1. pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal fluids
  2. lymph
  3. endolymph and perilymph
  4. aqueous & vitreous humor
  5. synovial fluid
  6. cerebrospinal fluid
118
Q

what 2 barriers separate ICF, interstitial fluid, and blood plasma?

A
  1. plasma membrane
  2. blood vessel walls
119
Q

plasma membrane separates ______ from _______

A
  • ICF
  • interstitial fluid
120
Q

Blood vessel walls separate ______ from ______

A
  • interstitial fluid
  • blood plasma
121
Q

water makes up what % of total body mass?

A

45-75%

122
Q

what is the primary means of water movement between ICF and interstitial fluid?

A

osmosis

123
Q

the body can gain water by what 2 things?

A
  1. ingestions
  2. metabolic reactions
124
Q

The main sources of body water is…

how many mL each?

A
  • ingested liquids 1600 mL
  • moist foods 700 mL
125
Q

Metabolic water gain accounts for about how many mL/day?

A

200

126
Q

daily water gain totals about how many mL?

A

2500 mL

127
Q

Each day the kidneys excrete about how many mL in urine?

A

1500 mL

128
Q

_____mL evaporates from the skin

_____mL exhale from the lungs

_____mL eliminated from GI tract in feces

A

600 mL

300 mL

100 mL

129
Q

what governs the urge to drink?

A

hypothalamus, thirst center

130
Q

what stimulates the thirst center in the hypothalamus?

A
  • Osmoreceptors
  • Angiotensin II
131
Q

2 main solutes in ECF are?

A
  1. sodium ions (Na+)
  2. chloride ions (Cl-)
132
Q

what 3 hormones regulate Na+ and Cl- reabsorption?

A
  1. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
  2. Angiotensin II
  3. Aldosterone.
133
Q

Salty meal (increases/decreases) blood volume?

A

increases

134
Q

Increase of blood volume causes what?

A

stretches the atria

releases ANP

135
Q

ANP causes what?

A

increased loss of salt, decreases blood volume

136
Q

Each kidney contains how many nephrons?

A

1 million each

137
Q

The major hormone that regulates water loss is…?

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

138
Q

Intracellular and Interstitial fluid normally have the same…

A

osmotic pressure

139
Q

An increase in osmotic pressure causes cells to…

A

shrink

140
Q

An decrease in osmotic pressure causes cells to…

A

swell

141
Q

Changes in osmotic pressure often result from changes in concentration of…

A

Sodium

142
Q

A decrease in osmotic pressure inhibits secretion of…

A

ADH

143
Q

what are the most abundant cations in extracellular ions?

representing what % of extracellular cations?

A

Sodium ions (Na+)

90%

144
Q

what are the most prevalent anions in extracellular fluid?

A

Chloride ions (Cl-)

145
Q

what are the most abundant cations in intracellular fluid?

A

Potassium ions (K+)

146
Q

The level of K+ in blood plasma is controlled mainly by

A

aldosterone

147
Q

what % of calcium in adults is in the skeleton and teeth?

A

98%

148
Q

2 main regulators of Ca2+ level in blood plasma?

A
  1. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  2. Calcitriol
149
Q

what enhances reabsorption of Ca2+?

A

PTH

150
Q

4 functions of ions

A
  1. Osmosis of water
  2. Acid-base balance
  3. Electrical current for action potentials
  4. Cofactors for enzymes
151
Q

what prevents rapid, drastic changes in the pH of a body fluid by converting strong acids and bases into weak acids and bases?

A

Buffer System

152
Q

3 principal buffer systems of the body

A
  1. protein buffer system
  2. carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
  3. phosphate buffer system
153
Q

Which is the most abundant buffer in intracellular fluid and plasma, of the protein buffer system?

A

Proteins

154
Q

The 3 principal buffer systems of the body?

A
  1. protein buffer system
  2. carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system
  3. phosphate buffer system
155
Q

which is the slowest mechanism but eliminates the most acids

A

kidney excretion of H+

156
Q

which mechanism is powerful but can only regulate carbonic acid?

A

exhalation of carbon dioxide

157
Q

pH less than 7.35 causes

A

Acidosis

158
Q

pH greater than 7.45 causes

A

Alkalosis

159
Q

the small blood vessel carrying blood out of the glomerulus is the…?

A

efferent arteriole

160
Q

The Bowman’s capsule is part of the…?

A

Renal corpuscle

161
Q

what is the first part of the renal tubule?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

162
Q

what are the specialized epithelial cells that make up the inner wall of the glomerular capsule?

A

Podocytes

163
Q

what is the first step in urine formation in a nephron?

A

glomerular filtration

164
Q

The filtered fluid becomes tubular fluid once it enters the…?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

165
Q

what processes are involved in tubular reabsorption?

A
  • osmosis
  • diffusion
  • active transport
166
Q

After tubule fluid leaves the distal convoluted tubule where does it go?

A
  1. collecting ducts
  2. papillary duct
  3. minor calyx
  4. major calyx
  5. renal pelvis
  6. ureters
  7. bladder
  8. urethra
167
Q

From the collecting ducts of the nephrons, urine drains directly into the…?

A

Minor calyces

168
Q

The tubular structure that connects the kidneys to the urinary bladder is the…?

A

Ureter

169
Q

Urine is expelled from the body by a process called…?

A

Micturition

170
Q

which hormone increases reabsorption of water in the collecting tubules by stimulating insertion of water channels into the plasma membranes of cells in
the collecting ducts of the kidneys?

A

ADH

171
Q

What % of the volume of normal urine is water?

A

95%

172
Q

which part of the kidney filters the blood?

A

renal corpuscle

173
Q

Secretion of ADH promotes what?

A

water reabsorption

174
Q

During severe dehydration, ADH is maximal and the kidneys can produce as little as…?

A

400–500 mL of concentrated urine

175
Q

what prevents backflow of urine when the pressure inside the bladder increase during micturition?

A

a physiological valve causing the bladder to
compress the ureters and thus prevent backflow of urine

176
Q

Constriction of the afferent arteriole decreases blood flow into the glomerulus, which (increases/decreases) net filtration pressure?

A

decreases net filtration pressure

177
Q

Constriction of the efferent arteriole slows outflow of blood, which (increases/decreases) net filtration pressure?

A

increases net filtration pressure

178
Q

The layers of the smooth muscle found in the wall of the urinary bladder are called the…?

A

detrusor muscle

179
Q

Low Ca2+ in the blood stimulates the parathyroid glands to release…

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

180
Q

The most important hormonal regulators of ion reabsorption and secretion are…?

A
  1. Angiotensin II
  2. Aldosterone
181
Q

When ADH is low, the kidneys produce a large volume of…

A

dilute urine

182
Q

80% of ECF is…

A

interstitial fluid

183
Q

20% of ECF is…

A

blood plasma

184
Q

Fluid balance depends primarily on…

A

Electrolyte balance

185
Q

Normal daily water loss and water gain are both equal to…

A

2500 mL

186
Q

what 2 hormones regulate salt reabsorption?

A
  1. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
  2. Aldosterone
187
Q

Each kidney has how many minor calyces?

A

8-12

188
Q

Each kidney has how many major calyces?

A

2-3

Genitourinary Male (4 decks)

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