18th and 19th Century Flashcards
Causes (2)
- Spontaneous generation
- Miasma
Microscopes (2)
- 1700 first microscope
- 1850 better versions
Germ Theory (4)
- Pasteur
- 1861
- Microbes caused disease
- Germs caused liquids to go sour
Koch (3)
- Proved Pasteur right
- Microbes cause decay as well
- Found microbes that caused TB in 1882 + Cholera in 1883
What did Koch develop (2)
- Grow cultures on agar jelly
- Dye to stain them for microscopy
Influence of Pasteur + Koch (5)
- Pasteur little influence
- Focused on food
- Koch had a big influence
- Inspired others to research microbes
- Applied to disease
Nightingale (7)
- Improved reputation of Nursing
- Incharge of nurses in Crimean
- Miasma
- Good air + cleanliness + hygiene
- Death rates dropped from 42% to 2%
- Notes on Nursing + Hospital organisation
- Set up training schools for nurses
Changes in hospital care (4)
- Local council + charities funded
- Nursing was important
- Infirmaries for poor
- Asylums
Problems of surgery (3)
- Blood loss
- Pain
- Infection
Tackling pain and bloodloss (6)
- Before 1800: Opium + alcohol
- 1844: Laughing gas (failed)
- 1846: Ether (flammable + induced sickness)
- 1847: Chloroform (Dosage + inhaler fixed issue) (James Simpson)
- 1884: Cocaine
- 1905: Novocaine (less addictive cocaine)
Tacking infection [Antiseptics] (4)
- Joseph Lister
- 1865: Carbolic acid to heal a fracture
- 1866: Carbolic for sterilisation
- 1861-1877: Death rates dropped from 46% to 5%
Aseptic surgery (2)
- Operating theatres become smaller
- Sterilisation of everything
Opposition to anaesthetics (2)
- People thought that being unconscious is more likely to die
- God gave pain; inflicted His plan
Oppositions to antiseptics
- Took a long time to accept Germ theory and therefore Lister
What did Joseph Lister do?
- Make a link between microbe and disease (agreed with Germ Theory)
Impacts of anaesthetics and antiseptics (3)
- Pain-free
- Longer
- Death rate fell
Prevention of disease (7)
- Vaccinations
- Pasteurs teams discovered attenuated microbes
- Developed vaccines for rabbies, anthrax and chicken cholera
- Government action
- Public Health Act 1875
- James Chadwick notes on the poor’s conditions
- Number of men voting increased
Before and after laissez-faire approach
- By 1875 it was government’s responsibility to improve living conditions
What did the Public Health Act 1875 do? (9)
- Water
- Sewers
- Public toilets
- Public parks
- Inspect cleanliness of lodging
- Monitor overcrowding
- Check food quality
- Employ public officer of health
- Not compulsary
Jenner (8)
- Smallpox
- Since 1720s people inoculated
- Treated many with cowpox who never got smallpox
- Infected people with cowpox and then smallpox; they never got sick
- 1798: Royal society rejected him
- By 1800, 100000 people vaccinated
- 1802: Government promotions
- 1853: Compulsory
Jenner’s significance (2)
- Saved millions
- But no link to why it worked meant no other vaccines were made
Opposition to Jenner (3)
- Interfere with God
- Threat to inoculation business
- Lack of evidence
When was the cholera outbreak? (3)
- 1st: 1831
- 2nd: 1848-49
- 3rd: 1854
Cholera causes (2)
- Miasma
- Sponteous generation
Cholera prevention
Cleanliness
What do we know about Cholera? (4)
- Blue death
- Affected poor mostly
- Diarrhoea + Vomiting = dehydration
- No treatment in early C19th
John Snow (6)
- Soho
- Mapped out deaths
- Link to water pump on Broad Street
- Removed handle + Death rates fell
- Cesspit leaking
- 1855: Presented finding to government
Snow’s significance (5)
- Deaths prevented
- No evidence infected water caused cholera
- Recommendation for new sewers was rejected
- Contributed as evidence to sewers being made in 1865-1875 (Long term)
- Evidence for to Public Health Act 1875 which was compulsory
When was the Franco-Prussian War?
1870 - 1871
When was the Great Stink?
1858
What happened at the 1867 Reform Act?
- Working class men were given the right to vote
How many people died in the Cholera epidemic of 1848?
14,000
When was the C18th and C19th?
C1700 - C1800
