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History - Medicine through time > 18th and 19th Century > Flashcards

18th and 19th Century Flashcards

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1
Q

Causes (2)

A
  • Spontaneous generation

- Miasma

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2
Q

Microscopes (2)

A
  • 1700 first microscope

- 1850 better versions

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3
Q

Germ Theory (4)

A
  • Pasteur
  • 1861
  • Microbes caused disease
  • Germs caused liquids to go sour
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4
Q

Koch (3)

A
  • Proved Pasteur right
  • Microbes cause decay as well
  • Found microbes that caused TB in 1882 + Cholera in 1883
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5
Q

What did Koch develop (2)

A
  • Grow cultures on agar jelly

- Dye to stain them for microscopy

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6
Q

Influence of Pasteur + Koch (5)

A
  • Pasteur little influence
  • Focused on food
  • Koch had a big influence
  • Inspired others to research microbes
  • Applied to disease
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7
Q

Nightingale (7)

A
  • Improved reputation of Nursing
  • Incharge of nurses in Crimean
  • Miasma
    • Good air + cleanliness + hygiene
    • Death rates dropped from 42% to 2%
  • Notes on Nursing + Hospital organisation
  • Set up training schools for nurses
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8
Q

Changes in hospital care (4)

A
  • Local council + charities funded
  • Nursing was important
  • Infirmaries for poor
  • Asylums
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9
Q

Problems of surgery (3)

A
  • Blood loss
  • Pain
  • Infection
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10
Q

Tackling pain and bloodloss (6)

A
  • Before 1800: Opium + alcohol
  • 1844: Laughing gas (failed)
  • 1846: Ether (flammable + induced sickness)
  • 1847: Chloroform (Dosage + inhaler fixed issue) (James Simpson)
  • 1884: Cocaine
  • 1905: Novocaine (less addictive cocaine)
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11
Q

Tacking infection [Antiseptics] (4)

A
  • Joseph Lister
  • 1865: Carbolic acid to heal a fracture
  • 1866: Carbolic for sterilisation
  • 1861-1877: Death rates dropped from 46% to 5%
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12
Q

Aseptic surgery (2)

A
  • Operating theatres become smaller

- Sterilisation of everything

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13
Q

Opposition to anaesthetics (2)

A
  • People thought that being unconscious is more likely to die
  • God gave pain; inflicted His plan
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14
Q

Oppositions to antiseptics

A
  • Took a long time to accept Germ theory and therefore Lister
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15
Q

What did Joseph Lister do?

A
  • Make a link between microbe and disease (agreed with Germ Theory)
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16
Q

Impacts of anaesthetics and antiseptics (3)

A
  • Pain-free
  • Longer
  • Death rate fell
17
Q

Prevention of disease (7)

A
  • Vaccinations
    • Pasteurs teams discovered attenuated microbes
    • Developed vaccines for rabbies, anthrax and chicken cholera
  • Government action
    • Public Health Act 1875
    • James Chadwick notes on the poor’s conditions
    • Number of men voting increased
18
Q

Before and after laissez-faire approach

A
  • By 1875 it was government’s responsibility to improve living conditions
19
Q

What did the Public Health Act 1875 do? (9)

A
  • Water
  • Sewers
  • Public toilets
  • Public parks
  • Inspect cleanliness of lodging
  • Monitor overcrowding
  • Check food quality
  • Employ public officer of health
  • Not compulsary
20
Q

Jenner (8)

A
  • Smallpox
  • Since 1720s people inoculated
  • Treated many with cowpox who never got smallpox
  • Infected people with cowpox and then smallpox; they never got sick
  • 1798: Royal society rejected him
  • By 1800, 100000 people vaccinated
  • 1802: Government promotions
  • 1853: Compulsory
21
Q

Jenner’s significance (2)

A
  • Saved millions

- But no link to why it worked meant no other vaccines were made

22
Q

Opposition to Jenner (3)

A
  • Interfere with God
  • Threat to inoculation business
  • Lack of evidence
23
Q

When was the cholera outbreak? (3)

A
  • 1st: 1831
  • 2nd: 1848-49
  • 3rd: 1854
24
Q

Cholera causes (2)

A
  • Miasma

- Sponteous generation

25
Q

Cholera prevention

A

Cleanliness

26
Q

What do we know about Cholera? (4)

A
  • Blue death
  • Affected poor mostly
  • Diarrhoea + Vomiting = dehydration
  • No treatment in early C19th
27
Q

John Snow (6)

A
  • Soho
  • Mapped out deaths
  • Link to water pump on Broad Street
  • Removed handle + Death rates fell
  • Cesspit leaking
  • 1855: Presented finding to government
28
Q

Snow’s significance (5)

A
  • Deaths prevented
  • No evidence infected water caused cholera
  • Recommendation for new sewers was rejected
  • Contributed as evidence to sewers being made in 1865-1875 (Long term)
  • Evidence for to Public Health Act 1875 which was compulsory
29
Q

When was the Franco-Prussian War?

A

1870 - 1871

30
Q

When was the Great Stink?

A

1858

31
Q

What happened at the 1867 Reform Act?

A
  • Working class men were given the right to vote
32
Q

How many people died in the Cholera epidemic of 1848?

A

14,000

33
Q

When was the C18th and C19th?

A

C1700 - C1800

History - Medicine through time (5 decks)

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