18.7.2013

Question 0

Na+ requirement for a normal person

Answer 0

75-175 mEq/D

Question 1

Amount of glucose that must be taken daily to prevent starvation ketosis

Answer 1

100-150g/d

Question 2

K+ requirement for a normal person

Answer 2

20-60 mEq/D

Question 3

Amount of glucose in 5D

Answer 3

5g/L

Question 4

Osmolality of 5D and ringer lactate

Answer 4

5D- 278

RL-274

Question 5

Renal causes of hypovolemia

Answer 5

Diuresis
Salt losing nephropathy
Mineralocorticoid deficit
Removal of obstruction in obstructive nephropathy

Question 6

Non renal causes of hypovolemia

Answer 6

GIT
 vomiting
 Excess nasogastric suction
 Fistula
 Diarrhoea 
Respiratory loss
Burns
Third spacing
Hemorrhage

Question 7

Signs of hypovolemia

Answer 7

Low JVP
Postural hypotension
Postural tachycardia
Absence of axillary sweat

Question 8

Urine sodium in hypovolemia

Answer 8

Less than 15mEq

FeNa less than 1%

Question 9

Role of urine chloride measurement in hypovolemia

Answer 9

Urine Cl less than 20mEq

In metabolic alkalosis associated with hypovolemia,urine sodium excretion may be increased

Question 10

Lab values in hypovolemia

Answer 10

Decreased urine Na and Cl
Increased urine osmolality
Increased serum bicarbonate
Increased HCT and serum albumin

Question 11

Presentation of hypervolemia

Answer 11

Weight gain(earliest indication of Na retention)
Edema
Effusions
Elevated JVP
Hepatojugular reflex
S3
Rales
Elevated BP

Question 12

Diuretics and free water clearance

Answer 12

Thiazides decrease positive free water clearance

Loop diuretics increase positive free water clearance

Question 13

Diuretics useful in decreased renal perfusion and impaired tubular function

Answer 13

Aldosterone antagonists

Question 14

Pseudohyponatremia

Answer 14

Increased plasma proteins and lipids

Question 15

Causes of hyperosmolar hyponatremia

Answer 15

Hyperglycaemia

Post TURP

Question 16

Sodium concentration decreases by _________ for every 100mg% rise in glucose

Answer 16

1.6-2.4 mEq/L

Question 17

Solutes causing post TURP hyponatremia

Answer 17

Glycine
Mannitol
Sorbitol

Question 18

Lowest and highest urine osmolality

Answer 18

50 mosm/L

1200 mosm/L

Question 19

Causes of SIADH

Answer 19

Meningitis
Encephalitis
Acute psychosis
CVA
head trauma
Pneumonia
TB
PPV
Acute respiratory failure
Small cell lung cancer

Question 20

Conditions that stimulate ADH secretion

Answer 20

Nausea
Volume contraction
Adrenal dysfunction
Hypothyroidism

Question 21

SIADH features

Answer 21

Hypo osmotic hyponatremia
Urine osmolality >100 mosm/L
Euvolemia

Question 22

Reset osmostat is seen in

Answer 22

Pregnant women(osmotic set point is reduced)

Question 23

Acute hyponatremia

Answer 23

Developing in less than 2 days

Neurologic symptoms present

Question 24

Stupor,seizures and coma occurs if Na+ levels acutely fall below

Answer 24

115 mEq/L