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A-level British Empire 1857-1967 > 1857-1890 > Flashcards

1857-1890 Flashcards

1
Q

EIC before 1857

A

Granted royal charter in 1600

Trading routes:
Surat
Madras
Bombay
Calcutta

1773-EIC corrupt-BR helped

1773-1858- Br rules India through EIC

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2
Q

What does a charter do

A

Gives company special power:
private army
levy taxes

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3
Q

“Jewel in the crown”

A

Nickname given to India because of it’s resources and strategical position

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4
Q

Cornwallis aims for India Civil service 1857

A

Cornwallis (Gov general)
determined to purify corruption in admin
raised salaries of servants

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5
Q

3 Pillars of Indian Administration

A

Civil service
police
army

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6
Q

Cornwallis action on police

A

Made a separate PD
made them loyal to the British
Brought down crime rates

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7
Q

Cornwallis influence on army

A

divided and conquered
Indian soldiers treated worse
Huge Indian contingent
ratio of white to Indian soldiers was 1:8

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8
Q

Aims of Wilberforce and McCauley 1857

A

to evangelise India to save them
they made petitions

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9
Q

Why did the British tolerate the Suttee

A

it would be too much interference in India
could start a rebellion

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10
Q

Rumour spread about Gun cartridges

A

Cartidges greased with pork/beef fat-offended both Hindus and Muslims

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11
Q

Key Events of Mutiny

A

2nd May 1857
Sepoys (Indian Soldiers) killed every European they could find
Siege of Lucknow
European Infants were killed and women were raped

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12
Q

Significance of Spurgeon in terms of mutiny

A

He called for a holy war against India
he was a priest

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13
Q

British response to the mutiny

A

Hanged those involved in the Streets
Forced them to lick the blood of British victims
strapped them to explosive barrels and blown up
fired them out of cannons

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14
Q

Livingstone’s response to the Mutiny

A

negative- they didnt want to it stop christianisation

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15
Q

1869 Egypt developments

A

Ferdinand de Lesseps designed the Suez Canal between Mediterranean and Red Sea.
Cut sailing time between India and England down from 24 days to 10 days and 43%

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16
Q

Egypt’s economic state 1875

A

Brink of insolvency due to financial issues from Suez construction
International intervention- BR and FR

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17
Q

Cave report

A

MP Stephen Cave sent by Disraeli to analyse Egypt’s financial state

he concluded it was so and that BR and FR had to get involved

They were to help Egypt stay afloat and pay of debt through dual control finances

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18
Q

1881 Rise of Egyptian nationalists

A

urabi rebellion- led by Urabi Pasha
Military revolt led by 4 Egyptian Colonels
“Egypt for the Egyptians”
consisted of Army and unpaid officers
Pasha made himself minister

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19
Q

1881 Anglo-French response to the rise of Egyptian Nationalism

A

BR worried about security of the Suez Canal
Warships sent to Alexandria

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20
Q

1882 Nationalist Riot in Alexandria

A

2000 Egyptians and 50 Europeans killed in Riots led by Ahmed Urabi

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21
Q

1882 Anglo French response to Alexandrian Nationalism

A

French refusal of an armed response- they didnt directly respond
British sent in 31000 soldiers
Pasha exiled

Gladstone became known as a reluctant imperialist

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22
Q

1883-4 Egypt Admin

A

1883 Dufferin Report advises Britain to keep control of Egypt
Veiled protectorate established-puppet government
Consol general- lord Cromer- Britain Control of Government through cromer
End of Anglo-French control

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23
Q

1881 Sudanese Nationalism

A

Ahmad proclaims himself Madhi (saviour)
Mahdists took control of Sudan
Annihilated 40k Egypt forces sent there to restore order
Madhi take over el-obeida

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24
Q

1882 Mahdist rebellion

A

Rebellion between Mahdist sudanese and the Khedive+Britain
Resulted in Condominium of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

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25
1883 Anglo-Egyptian counter attack to Mahdist rebellion
BR set up new colonial system- Anglo-Egytian admin Led to a full dominion over Sudan
26
1884-Gladstone's orders for British troops in Sudan
November 1884, Gladstone ordered withdrawal of troops from Sudan Gordon disobeyed- he believed he could save Sudan and they would welcome him- he died
27
1885-MOG and Defeat of British troops in Sudan
Colonel Gordon killed in the siege of Khartoum before this £300,00 spent to get him out of Sudan Gordon seen as a martyr and Gladstone seen as the Murderer Of Gordon (twist on his old nickname of Grand old man)
28
Colonial office (date founded, who in charge/held the role, responsibilities)
founded in 1801 Secretary of State for the colonies in Charge oversee and protest imperial colonies
29
War office (date founded, who in charge/held the role, responsibilities)
founded in 1857 War Minister of SOS in charge Administration of the British army
30
Foreign Office (date founded, who in charge/held the role, responsibilities)
Founded in 1782 Foreign sec in charge National security and counter terrorism
31
East India Company (date founded, /held the role, responsibilities)
founded in 1600 (when they got royal charter) Global trade-served as a body for merchants
32
% of people living below poverty line in 1947 in India
90%
33
Life expectancy and literacy rates of Indians in 1947
life ex=27 lit rates=17%
34
Stat about railway building in India
15000km of railways by 1880 24000km by 1900
35
Negatives of railways
took time expensive railways imperialism led to control of the people and land
36
Stat about British tea plantations
Tea plantations grew from 1 to 295
37
Negatives of British Markets
Took up the land less trade Subsistance farming
38
1858 India Act
powers set up in civil service education for Indians- more people to work for them Princes given their land back so they stay loyal to Br Doctrine of Lapse removed EIC dissolved
39
Death rate from famine under British rule
35 million
40
Significance of 1867 in W. Gruiqualand
Diamonds discovered in Kimberley (W.g-land) This triggered a diamond rush that attracted white settlers 1867
41
annexation of Basutoland
1868 they annexed it claiming that the indigenous africans were seeking Br protection
42
1871 British Invasion of W. Griqualand 1875 East Griqualand
Went in for the resources 2000 Griquas went East and established E. Griqualand 1875 British annex East G-land
43
Xhosa War
1877 British disarmed tribesmen and annexed the cape British annexed the Transvaal stating they need to defend Boers from local tribes Boers reluctantly agreed Xhosa war ended in 1878
44
1880-1 Boer conflict
1880-Boers turn on British and declare themselves a republic 1881- British defeated by boers at Majuba Hill (150 br killed) British forced to sign convention of Pretoria (recognising Boer self gov)
45
Significance of 1884 German occupation of SW Africa on British-Boer relations
leads to a British fear of German-Boer alliance British Annex Bechuanaland (between Transvaal and German SW Africa) and make the North a protectorate and the South a Crown colony
46
Benjamin Disraeli
1868-1880 Conservative "tory democracy" expansionist policy (India and Afghanistan) Promote imperial strengthening and expansion Bought 4mil of Suez shares
47
Strength of Egypt (why were Britain interested in it)
Suez Canal (43% and 24-14 days) Fertile land Cotton Access to other countries
48
Palmerston's 3 quotes about Egypt
"we wish to trade with Egypt" "we wish to travel through Egypt" "we dont want to have Egypt"
49
George Goldie
-British colonial administrator -responsible for development of Northern Nigeria into prosperous protectorate -Governor of the royal Niger company 1886-1899 -He repelled French and German attempts to set up posts in Niger region -extended control control of Niger River through force and persuasion
50
Definition of scramble for Africa
The invasion, occupation and colonisation of Africa between 1880 and 1914
51
how much of Africa under European rule in 1870 and 1900
1870: 10% 1900: 90%
52
Why was expansion into Africa slow
difficult terrain Natives didnt want them there limited technology and transpoirt disease no maps
53
Clipper ships
Small ships that could travel down rivers
54
Why was Africa nicknamed the dark continent
because it was unknown similar to dark ages- we dont know what happened then
55
motives for going into Africa
Wanted to do good (stop slavery) Ordained by God to do so-spread christianity Free trade-profit "christianity and commerce"- Livingstone
56
Why did Britain feel threatened by Germany
1880s naval building programmes 1871 Germany unified- huge powerhouse-Industrial growth Policy of imperial expansion
57
Long depression 1873-1896
period of deflation silver lost a lot of value Other countries caught up to Britains industrialisation-Germany growing twice as quick
58
Why did Britain feel threatened by France
1860-Foothold in Indo-China 1880-expansion of coastal settlements threat in NE Africa Naval programme
59
Why did Britain feel threatened by Russia
1884- Russia expanded their borders to Afghanistan 1891- trans Siberian railway. Moscow to Vladivostok
60
Brussels conference
1876 Hosted by King Leopold II of Belgium voted to establish the international African association (effectively created Congo free state)
61
Berlin conference
1884-5 organised by Otto von Bismarck general act of Berlin was established Formalisation of the scramble for Africa
62
principle of effective occupation
Empires could acquire full control over a colonial territory if they possessed them, had treaties with local leaders or had established administration.
63
Mary Slessor
British missionary in Nigeria campaigned against injustice against women Suffered form Malaria and adopted 9 children Nicknamed "queen in the local community"
64
Mary Carpenter
british reformist/activist In support of anti-slavery movements worked in India (trynna improve education for Indian girls) 1870's- set up national Indian association
65
John Mackenzie
Scottish explorer Missionary who fought for rights in Southern Africa member of London missionary society
66
John Hanning Speke
Explorer in Africa, Asia and Americas His work criticised colonial policies in empire Associated with search for the source of the Nile
67
Richard Burton
Army captain in the crimean war Explorer for empire he thought the British should show mercy Translated many books
68
Cecil Rhodes
-British politician in S. Africa and a mining magnate -Entered mining industry at 18 -Entered cape parliament at 27-he was pm from 1890-96 -pushed black people from their own land (making way for industry) -Introduced educational reform in SA -Leader of BSAC -Organiser of De Beers diamonds -wanted to build a railway from the cape to Cairo
69
Sir Evelyn Baring
Colonial administrator In India became consul general of Egypt in 1882 until 1907 (24 years) Served as British controller general (in charge of Egypt's finances)
70
Bartle Frere
Member of Indian civil service given seat in viceroy after mutiny High commissioner of the Cape Governor of Bombay for 5 years Brought cape into conflict with Zulus
71
David Livingstone
Scottish explorer Believes in christianising but not a missionary One of the first to navigate Africa Explored Zambezi river (got lost) Published book called "missionary travels" in 1857. very popular named Victoria falls and lake Victoria
72
Sir John Kirk
Scottish explorer closer to Livingstone chief medical advisors and botanist Becomes vice consul of Zanzibar Outlawed slave trade there
73
City of London Methods of Trade/Commerce examples of success examples of failures
Pound sterling was currency of trade Construction of railways overseas grew 5x EOS: The Uganda railway tea trade in India almost all trade in the world went through London EOF: London takes ages to get too from almost everywhere World trade declines from 25% to 20% between 1860 and 1900
74
Africa: Methods of trade and commerce Examples of Success Examples of failures
Methods: Railways established Infrastructure of trade (ships, canals, rivers) tonnage of trade doubles Steam ships EOS: Uganda railway Ratio of exports to Gross domestic product was 14%, by 1873 it was 18% EOF: terrain conflict with locals Palm oil trade down 16% by 1881 from 76%
75
Middle East and Asia: Methods of trade and commerce Examples of success examples of failure
Methods: Establishment of banks in Shanghai and Peking (HSBC) Privatisation Investment railways EOS: 24000km railways in India by 1900 China 5x more treaty ports due to opium wars EOF: China only buys 8% of cotton exports
76
Influence of British public of opinion on Empire
Growing of press Education Act of 1870 Reform act of 1884
77
Education Act 1870
Made education compulsory for anyone age 5-13
78
How did Newspapers influence attitude
Showed people more of the world- inspired expansion and travel
79
How did imperial exhibitions influence attitudes
Furthered view of white superiority
80
Mercantilism
When the colonies were forced to send goods to Br, use British ships and buy british goods referred to as a protectionist system
81
Significance of steam ships + one weakness
Steamship companies reduced the time it took to travel to W Africa By 1870s, many steamships were sent up the Niger River However, they broke down all the time
82
Why did the first opium war occur (1839-42)
Britain was angry over trade and went into the pearl river. blasted it up
83
Informal empire (definition) vs formal empire
informal empire: Parts of the empire the br had no legal claims, but still formed part of it. placed influenced by British power formal empire: Places Britain had legal claims, they were dependent on Britain
84
Socio-political aspects of informal empire
British people moving/living there English being spoken English culture and traditions being adopted
85
% of exports from latin America
10%
86
Swing to the East
After losing the 13 US colonies, British focus on expansion shifted from the western world to Africa and Asia
87
Jingoism
extreme patriotism, especially in the form of aggressive or warlike foreign policy
88
Granville Doctrine
1883 Gave Britain the right to dismiss any Egyptian minister
89
When does Canada gain self rule
1867
90
When were diamonds discovered, where, and what did It lead to
1967 in Kimberley and West Griqualand leading to a diamond rush
91
When did Basutoland become a British protectorate
1868 to protect from Boer expansion
92
When did Boers declare independence from British rule
1880
93
battle of Majuba Hill
1881 Boers defeated the british leading to recognition of Boer independence
94

A-level British Empire 1857-1967 (6 decks)

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