1830-1848 Flashcards
State Of Piedmont-Sardinia in 1830
- Rejected reforms post 1821 (close to Austria)
- Nobility and Clergy influence with growing Middle Class in Genoa
- Genoa Port (30% of maritime trade)
- 95% Rural but evolving to becoming industrial (one of most advanced)
State Of Lombardy-Venetia in 1830
- Metternich System
- 1/3 Austrian Tax Revenue
- Specialised in textile industry
- Ruling Nobility
- 40-50% literacy rate (one of highest)
State Of Central Duchies in 1830
- 50% literacy rate (highest in Italy)
- Florence was an intellectual and cultural hub due to universities
- Modena had 1,000 political prisoners
- Silk Production
State Of Papal States in 1830
- Led by Catholic Church and Jesuits
- 30% Land owned by Catholic Church
- 80% GDP based on farming
- Guilds banned free enterprise
- High Censorship (Illegal to disagree with Geo-centrism)
State Of The Kingdom Of Two Sicilies
- Lowest GDP per Capita in Italy
- High tariffs preventing trade with other Italian states (due to uncompetitive industry)
- Conservative Monarchy (Ferdinand II post 1831)
- 7.1 million population
- First railway in Italy (1839)
Unification Barriers in 1830
Majority of Italy were illiterate - difficult to communicate new ideas (2% spoke Italian)
High censorship + lack of transport - difficult to spread new ideas
Economic Disparity - Industrialised, textile based North and Agricultural, Farming based South
High Tariffs in KoTS - Preventing economic integration and trade on peninsula
Austrian Strength - Unwilling to lose Lombardy-Venetia due to tax revenue from region
Most Italians were peasants (85% in Naples), making survival a priority over unification
Role Of Church in 1830 on unification
90% being Catholic helped create a cultural identity and unity - SOCIAL UNIFICATION ✅
Guilds banning free enterprise led to weak and unindustrialised economy, disincentivising other states from wanting to join - ECONOMIC UNIFICATION ❌
Censorship and disapproval of infrastructure stopped spreading of ideas. (As >50% were illiterate, ideas needed to be spread through word of mouth to create demand for unification) - POLITICAL UNIFICATION ❌
POTENTIAL QUESTION: Main Driver Of Hinderance by 1848 to Unification
Austria:
Strong Metternich System and influence in the North
Role in defeating Liberal Revolutions in Central Duchies preventing New Ideas such as unification being spread
Church:
Limits on enterprise and infrastructure/ transport harmed economy, discouraging states from wanting to unify with them
Strong censorship prevented ideas being spread
However 90% of Peninsula were Roman Catholic so possible social and cultural unity
Underlying Issues:
Over 50% were illiterate, meaning that without censorship, there would be difficulty spreading new ideas
85% of Sicily were peasants, meaning they were prioritising survival over unification
Failure of Secret Societies (however possibly due to Church and Austria censorship)
Tariffs from KoTS prevented natural economic integration and South and agricultural based economy
However, Risorgimento were creating a cultural revival, spreading peninsular unity. (But less than half could read).
VERDICT - UNDERLYING ISSUES
Who were the Secret Societies?
Carbonari - Based in Naples, 60,000 members (5% of Male Naples Population). Moderate ✅, Pro Unification (not really) ❌, Pro Constitution from Ferdinand II ✅, Anti-Austria (not priority) as based in South❌
Federati - Based in North, Moderate ✅, Pro Unification (Not priority) ❌, Anti Austria ✅ as based in North (under high Austrian system)
Why did the Secret Societies fail?
- Based in different parts of Italy (therefore different priorities)
- High censorship from Metternich System and Papal States prevented growth of groups
- Strong Deterrence (execution) - Effective for Middle Class but ineffective for Criminals and Convicts as they had less to lose
🟡 Modena and Parma (Central Duchy) Revolutions (1830-1832)
Led by Enrico Misley who leaked the plan to Duke Francis IV
Duke Francis IV had him arrested and when to ask Austria for help in case of revolts
Whilst he was away, Student revolts happened and provisional governments with a joint army commander was set up
Austria came to help and kicked them out and revolutionaries were imprisoned
Created a NATURE OF DISTRUST amongst the secret societies
🔴 Papal States Revolutions (1830-1832)
Was based from an anti-church sentiment
Provisional Government set up in 1831 in Bologna (elected assembly and new legal system)
INTERESTING - This Government refused to help the Modena revolution
Violently suppressed by Austrians
