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History Paper 2 > 1800-2000 reforms and rights (PP) > Flashcards

1800-2000 reforms and rights (PP) Flashcards

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1
Q

What were elections like in the early 1800s?

A
  • very few people could vote
  • no secret ballot
  • MPs weren’t paid
  • there were rotten boroughs
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2
Q

When was the peterloo massacre?

A

1819

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3
Q

What was the peterloo massacre?

A
  • a meeting in Manchester which attracted 60,000 to hear a radical speaker, call for reform in parliament
  • people in the crowd had banners demanding reform, universal suffrage and equal electoral districts as part of a peaceful protest
  • the magistrates panicked and sent in military
  • the government later passed six acts restricting public meetings to 50 people and restricted what journalists could say
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4
Q

When was the Great reform act?

A

1832

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5
Q

What was the Great reform act?

A
  • in 1830, Thomas Atwood organised a petition calling for reform, it was signed by 8000 people
  • Britain’s new king was keener on reform
  • the Whig government introduced a reform act, the king helped force it through
  • the act redistributed MPs so that industrial towns were represented, it gave factory owners and merchants the vote
  • 56 boroughs disfranchised
  • 67 new constituencies created
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6
Q

When was the people’s chapter published?

A

1838

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7
Q

What did the Chartists want?

A
  • a vote for all men over 21
  • a secret ballot
  • equal electoral districts
  • no property qualification to become an MP
  • payment for MPs
  • annual parliaments
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8
Q

What ways did Chartists spread their ideas?

A
  • sympathetic MPs helped raise the issue to parliament
  • huge meetings were held
  • anti- corn law league meetings were hijacked
  • northern star newspaper widely distributed
  • they made three petitions to parliament gaining 5 million signatures not 1848
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9
Q

Short term significance of the Chartists?

A
  • all their petitions were rejected by parliament
  • split in Chartists and government sent 102 people to Australia
  • didn’t achieve any of their aims
  • showed an increase in demand for change
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10
Q

Long term significance of the Chartists?

A
  • within the next 50 years 5/6 of their aims were met

* Chartism was a political education for the working class which helped give them s voice later in

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11
Q

When were the corn laws passed?

A

1815

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12
Q

What were the corn laws?

A

•a law taxing people on buying corn from other countries in order to keep price farmers received for their corn high

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13
Q

Who did the corn laws benefit?

A

•land owners (farmers)

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14
Q

How did the corn laws have an affect on workers?

A

•bread cost too much, so wages had to increase and led to unemployment

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15
Q

How did the anti corn law league organise itself to gain support?

A
  • used pamphlets
  • meetings
  • petitions
  • Richard Cobden and John bright became MPs and won the support of the prime minister
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16
Q

When was the anti corn law league set up?

A

1833

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17
Q

Short term significance of anti corn law league?

A
  • they had the laws repealed

* first time the government acted in the interests of the poor over the gentry

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18
Q

Long term significance of the anti corn law league?

A

•other groups copied their methods as they were successful

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19
Q

When was slavery abolished

A

1833

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20
Q

What actions were taken to abolish slavery?

A
  • William wilberforce, a charismatic speaker introduced the topic in the House of Commons
  • in 1787 they gained a petition with 10,000 names producing publicity
  • the committee spoke to slaves
  • people refused to buy slavery grown sugar forcing businesses to shut down
  • in 1807 a bill to abolish slavery gained s majority in Parliament and became law
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21
Q

What did slaves do to get the slave trade abolished?

A

•they rebelled such as in St Dominique in 1804 where they threatened the lives of the plantation owners

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22
Q

Who led the movement for factory reform?

A

Lord Shaftesbury

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23
Q

What did individual industrialists do to improve their working conditions?

A
  • Robert Owen- introduced the eight hour day and opened a school for his workers
  • Titus Salt- built a whole town for his workers, it included bathhouses, a hospital and a church
  • George Cadbury- created a model town, he had pensions, workers’ committees and a workers’ welfare scheme
24
Q

What did lord Shaftesbury do?

A
  • he introduced s 10 hour bill for children under nine
  • he became president of the Ragged School Unions in 1944, these were free schools
  • he made the mines act banning women and children from working in mines
25
Q

What methods did workers use to improve living conditions?

A
  • friendly societies- every member contributed each week then drew out money if they hit hard times
  • trade societies- specialist craftsmen organised themselves into trade societies to control quality and maintain prices
  • violence- some weavers destroyed machines that they feared had taken their jobs, these were called Luddites
  • trade unions- set up to protect each other’s interests
26
Q

Who were the tolpuddle martyrs?

A
  • 6 agricultural labourers who met to form their own trade union as their wages had been cut
  • they got their members to sign a secret oath of loyalty which was illegal
  • they were sent to Australia for 7 years for breaking the oath of allegiance act
  • in 1834 200,000 people marched to parliament carrying a petition with 800,000 names demanding the tolpuddle martyrs be released
27
Q

When were the tolpuddle martyrs set up?

A

1834

28
Q

When was the match girls strike?

A

1888

29
Q

What did the match girls want?

A
  • higher wage

* better working conditions

30
Q

When was the London dockworkers’ strike?

A

1889

31
Q

What did the the London dockworkers achieve?

A
  • docker’s tanner to be paid 6d an hour
  • overtime to be paid at 8d an hour
  • minimum employment to be 4 hours
32
Q

When was the Labour Party set up and why?

A
  • 1893

* to deliver the workers demands

33
Q

When was the general strike?

A

1926

34
Q

Causes of general strike?

A
  • other countries were expanding si Britain faced greater competition in traditional industries
  • Germany paid much of its reparations of the war in coal so the price dropped
  • the coal mine owners wanted to drop wages by 13% and increase hours from 7 to 8
35
Q

What was the government response to the strike?

A
  • volunteers were recruited to drive buses and trains
  • the army were used to unload food in dicks and escort supplies
  • the government used the emergency power act of 1920
  • it used bbc radio to persuade workers to return
36
Q

How many liners went on strike in 1926?

A

800,000

37
Q

How did the general strike of -926 develop?

A
  • it began peacefully
  • gradually it became violent between strikers and police
  • the striking miners derailed the flying Scotsman train
  • the TUC ordered s return to work and workers were forced to accept cuts
  • trouble makers were blacklisted and couldn’t find jobs
  • employers now felt in control of the workers
38
Q

How did Margret thatcher prepare for the miners strike?

A
  • by stockpiling coal at power stations

* power stations converted to gas or oil

39
Q

What did the government announce in 1984?

A

•unproductive mines would be closed

40
Q

How did Arthur scargill react to this announcement?

A
  • he opposed it

* he pulled all his miners out on strike

41
Q

What was the result of the miners strike in 1984-85

A
  • nothing was gained for the workers

* the lines were closed one by one

42
Q

What was the 1962 commonwealth immigrants act?

A
  • it limited immigration

* as there had been an increase in racism in the uk

43
Q

What did the 1962 commonwealth immigrants act actually do?

A
  • it increased immigration as working men were worried if they left to visit their families they wouldn’t be allowed back
  • instead they invited their families over
44
Q

What acts were introduced to combat racism and immigration?

A
  • 1962 commonwealth immigrants act
  • 1965 Race Relations board set up
  • 1968 Race Relations act
  • 1971 Immigration act
  • 1976 Council for Racial Equality set up
  • 2000 Race Relations act
  • 2010 Equality act
45
Q

When was the Brixton riots?

A

1981

46
Q

Causes for Brixton riots?

A
  • relations between police and black community were bad
  • a house fire where 5 black teens were killed was incorrectly labelled as a racist attack
  • Brixton had one of the highest crime rates so stop and searches were used especially on blacks
  • many blacks felt unfairly targeted
47
Q

Order of events in Brixton riots

A
  • a black man with stab wounds was seen running from a gang by a policeman
  • the policeman called an ambulance but instead took him in a police car so it would be quicker
  • untrue rumours spread that he had been arrested and beaten by police
  • next morning a car a was stopped and searched and the man retaliated and a riot kicked off
  • 1,000 police officers were sent, 150 buildings were damaged and 82 arrests were made
48
Q

What was the government response to the Brixton riots?

A
  • the government set up an inquiry and placed much of the blame on the Metropolitan police being racist
  • new code of behaviour for police was established
  • there were further riots in 85 and 95 showing little had changed
49
Q

What was the ladies of langham place?

A
  • made up of mostly wealthy women
  • sobers 1850s has 1860s trying to improve status for women before focussing in the vote from 1866 onwards
  • they tried to provide single issue campaigns for higher education, against child prostitution and rights for married women
50
Q

What was the NUWSS?

A
  • focussed entirely on gaining the vote formed in 1867
  • speakers toured the country, produced leaflets and pamphlets and regular newspapers were made
  • limited as they didn’t support one specific party so no party helped them
51
Q

What were peaceful methods used to get suffrage?

A
  • NUWSS used marches, meetings and petitions

* made slow progress

52
Q

What were violent methods used to gain suffrage?

A
  • WSPU known as suffragettes smashed windows, heckled at meetings, chained themselves to railings, set fire to postboxes
  • Emily Davison threw herself in front of the kings horse
  • they used these tactics to gain attention
53
Q

Opposition to the suffrage?

A
  • people believed in seperate spheres
  • women too emotional to vote
  • they didn’t fight in the war so shouldn’t vote
  • some were worried because there were more women, they would have the majority
  • some said they didn’t acc want the vote just a few middle classes women
54
Q

How did war help women’s suffrage?

A
  • provides women with jobs that they never before had such as working in factories
  • in 1918 all women over 30 were given the vote
  • in 1928 all women over 21 were given the vote
55
Q

How did women get equal pay?

A
  • in 1968 187 women went on strike at the ford factory in Dagenham due to receiving only 85% if what men earnt
  • they brought ford production to a standstill for 3 weeks before negotiating to receive 92% of what men earnt
  • in 1975 the equal pay act was passed

History Paper 2 (7 decks)

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