1450-1800 Challenging Royal Authority (PP) Flashcards
When was the pilgrimage of grace
1536
Why did Henry VIII create the Church of England?
- he resented the power the church had
* the pope wouldn’t allow him to divorce
How did Henry VIII make the Church of England?
- he made himself head of the new church
- he stopped paying taxes to the pope
- Henry dissolved the monasteries and sold the land to the monasteries
Why did the people of England not like the changes made to the church by Henry VIII?
- king had taken away the church and monasteries which were the centre of people’s lives
- many prominent nobles lost influence
- Henry increased taxes
- people didn’t like the changes to services
What was the pilgrimage of grace and the reasons for it?
- An uprising against Henry VIII’s advisors and their ideas against Catholicism
- taxes on births, marriages and deaths
- introduction of Church of England went against beliefs of cathlocism
- poor harvests in 1535 and 1536 that has raised food prices
- Anne Boleyn’s reputation of witchcraft
Who was the leader of the pilgrimage of grace?
Robert Aske, a lawyer
Why was it called a ‘pilgrimage’
To demonstrate its peaceful intentions
What did the pilgrimage of grace demand?
- England returned to Catholicism
* Henry fires his corrupt ministers
How did Henry respond to the pilgrimage of grace?
- he sent the catholic duke of Norfolk to talk to them
- he hoped they would reason with someone who sympathised with them
- Norfolk assures the king would listen and he invited Aske to the king’s house for Christmas
- the pilgrims agreed and disbanded despite being able to beat the kings army
What happened whilst Aske was travelling back from the King’s?
- the rebels stacked castles without their leader
- Norfolk hanged 74 rebels
- Aske was called back to London and immediately arrested and executed
- no more religious rebellions took place during Henry’s reign, he had total control
Who wrote the pilgrims oath and insisted on a peaceful rebellion?
Robert Aske
Short term significance of the pilgrimage of grace
- complete failure
* Henry was in greater power than ever before
Long term significance of the pilgrimage of grace
•very little
How many rebels were there in the pilgrimage of grace?
50,000
What were the causes of civil war?
- religion- new prayer book in 1638 and many MPs who were puritans were unhappy that Charles I favoured the catholics
- politics- Charles I ruled without parliament 1629-40 but continued to raise taxes, people were unhappy with him
- personalities- men like John Hampden and John Pym who stood up to Charles were popular, Oliver Cromwell was against Charles
What were the two sides in the English civil war?
- Royalists- Charles
* parliament- New Model army led by Oli Cromwell
What did parliament demand when they were recalled by Charles?
- no ship money except when agreed with parliament
- militia bill transferred control of army to parliament
- triennial bill made it law that parliament had to be called atleast once every three years
- only parliament and not the king could dissolve parliament
What views did the victorious new model army have on how the country should be run?
- many of the soldiers were radical
- there were disputes between parliament and the new model army over unpaid wages, indemnity crimes committed during the war, religion who should vote in parliament and what to do with the king
What were the Putney debates?
- held in Putney in 1647
- set up to settle the disputes between parliament and the army
- the soldiers were sent back to their regiments and Cromwell said only property owners can vote
What did the diggers believe in?
- property was theft
* equality could be achieved by communities digging and planting crops together
When were the diggers created?
1647
What happened to Charles I after the English civil war?
- he was tried in court for high treason
- he was found guilty of acting in his own personal interests not those of the country
- he was executed in 1649
What did Oli Cromwell do after the English civil war?
- he abolished the government
- he dealt with rebellion in Ireland, levellers and diggers as well as a royalist uprising
- he charged into parliament in 1653 and expelled members
- he made himself lord protector and worked hard on making a religion that appealed to everyone
- he became unpopular because of his strict Puritan views, he banned Christmas and theatre
Short term significance of the English civil war?
- king was executed for acting in his own interest
- monarchy briefly abolished
- Charles II soon became king on parliaments invitation
- parliament met more regularly and was not influenced by the abilities and temperament of each king
Long term significance of the English civil war?
•gradual loss of power from king to parliament
When was the American revolution?
1775
Why was there conflict between the British government and the colonies?
- taxes and war- Britain imposed taxes on the colonies as they protected them, the colonists opposed these
- powerful ideas and strong individuals- there were radicals who were fiercely independent, there were pamphleteers like Tom Paine who argued a case for American independence
What did the Britains impose on the colonists?
- the stamp Act 1765
- meant tax had to be paid by the colonists
- it was fiercely resisted by the colonists
When was the Decleration of Independence?
1776
What was the war of independence?
- Britain didn’t want to lose American colonies so sent an army over to America
- however French troops helped the colonists and they won
- the British surrendered at York town
What was the short term significance of the American revolution?
- it scared rulers in Europe that the people were gaining power
- it inspired radicals in Britain
- Britain were worried about the economic impact of losing trade
- the war defeat exposed incompetent in Britain
What was the long term significance of the American revolution?
- first time a colony had rejected rule by European power, other colonies followed its example later
- the idea that ordinary people have fundamental rights spread to France where the government was overthrown in the French Revolution
- British leaders feared the same so radicals were dealt with harshly
