1800-1848 (10-17%) Flashcards
What was the “republican mother”?
The “republican mother” was the idea that women needed to be educated in order to raise their children to be enlightened as well. Female academies were soon created throughout the nation, and starting in 1789, Massachusetts required public schools to serve females as well as males.
What were some technological advances in the early 1800s?
In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, which cleaned as much cotton in a few hours as it once took a group of workers in a day. Cotton became the cash crop of the South, which led to a major increase in slavery, as plantation owners needed people to run their cotton gins. Whitney also helped introduce the concept of interchangeable parts, which allowed people to repair machines themselves.
When was the “Turnpike era”?
1790s to 1840s
In 1792 the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike was built, and due to its success, similar turnpikes began to appear in other cities and neighboring towns.
Explain the significance of Marbury v. Madison.
Marbury v. Madison (1803) was the first supreme court case to apply the principle of judicial review - the ability to determine whether an action is consistent with the Constitution.
Explain the significance of the Louisiana Purchase, as well as the controversy surrounding it.
The Louisiana Purchase more than doubled the size of the U.S. and was an extreme use of governmental power. The controversy surrounds the fact that the Constitution said nothing about whether or not Jefferson had the authority to accept the land. In fact, Jefferson was a proponent of strict interpretation of the Constitution, making his actions particularly hypocritical.
What was the Embargo Act?
To prevent incidents that might bring the nation to the brink of war, Jefferson persuaded Congress to pass the Embargo Act, which prohibited all exports from American ports.
The act was not popular with Federalists. It hurt the American economy and resulted in widespread smuggling. It also was another giant expansion of the powers of the executive by Jefferson.
What was the Non-Intercourse Act of 1810 and Macon’s Bill?
Congress passed the Non-Intercourse act to reopen trade with all nations but Great Britain and France following Jefferson’s Embargo, but then was later replaced by Macon’s Bill. This bill reopened free commercial relations with Britain and France, but authorized the President to prohibit commerce with either belligerent if it should continue violating neutral shipping after the other had stopped.
Describe Tecumseh’s effort to combat the advance of white civilization.
Tecumseh united the tribes of the Mississippi Valley into the Tecumseh Confederacy. He understood that the colonists would obtain no real title to land because no tribe could rightfully cede the land without the consent of the other tribes.
What was the Hartford Convention and what came out of it?
In December, 1814, New England delegates met in Hartford to discuss their grievances against the Madison Administration. At the convention they reasserted the right of nullification and proposed seven amendments to the Constitution. The new amendments were designed to protect New England from the growing influence of the South and West. In the end, however, the aims of the convention became futile, irrelevant, and even treasonable.
What was the Second Great Awakening?
The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant revival movement during the early nineteenth century (1790s to 1840s).
What was the legacy of the War of 1812?
The U.S. gained NOTHING from this war. All it did was produce chaos in shipping and banking, expose the inadequacy of the nation’s transportation and financial systems, it led to new efforts to strengthen national economic development, and emphasized the need for another national bank.
Explain the efforts to advance transportation during the early 1800s.
The major question floating around was whether or not the federal government finance roads and “internal improvements”. Congress attempted to pass a bill to do just that, but it was vetoed by Madison on his last day of office. He believed that Congress lacked the authority to do so without a constitutional amendment.
What drove the westward moment in the early 1800s?
- Population growth drove white Americans out of the crowded East
- The spread of the plantation system limited opportunities for new settlers
- The West was increasingly attractive to white settlers
- Land was much more plentiful than in the East
What was the “Era of Good Feelings”?
The “Era of Good Feelings” was the time from 1815-1825, and it signified the end of the First Party System. The period was given this name because the Republican Party faced no serious opposition with the Federalists on decline, and the U.S. faced no important international threats.
How did the U.S. gain Florida?
The U.S. had already annexed West Florida, but they believed they should gain possession of the entire peninsula. Andrew Jackson, who was in charge of the American troops along the Florida frontier, had orders from Calhoun to stop raids on American territory by the Seminole Indians south of the border. Jackson used this as an excuse to invade Florida and seize the Spanish forts at St. Marks and Pensacola. This became known as the Seminole War. Adams urged the government to assume responsibility for the war, and in the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819, Spain ceded all of Florida to the U.S. and gave up its claim to territory north of the 42nd parallel in the Pacific Northwest.
What was the Panic of 1819?
In 1819, there was high foreign demand for American farm goods, high prices for American farmers, and land prices soared. Management at the national bank began tightening credit, calling in loans, and foreclosing mortgages. This created a series of failures by state banks and six years of depression followed.
What was the Missouri Compromise?
In an effort to preserve the balance of power in Congress between slave and free states, the Missouri Compromise was passed in 1820 admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state.
Describe the impact of the Marshall Court.
The Marshall Court molded the development of the Constitution by strengthening the Supreme Court, increasing the power of the federal government, and advancing the interests of the propertied and commercial classes.
Some notable cases:
- Fletcher v. Peck - land grant was a valid contract that could not be repealed even if corruption was involved
- Dartmouth College v. Woodward - further expanded the meaning of the contract clause of the Constitution
- McCulloch v. Maryland - confirmed the “implied powers” of Congress by upholding the constitutionality of the Bank of the U.S.
- Gibbons v. Ogden - strengthened Congress’s power to regulate interstate commerce
What was the Monroe Doctrine?
The Monroe Doctrine was an expression of the growing spirit of nationalism in the U.S. in the 1820s established the idea of the U.S. as the dominant power in the Western Hemisphere. It stated that American continents were not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers, that the U.S. would consider any foreign challenge to the sovereignty of existing American nations as an unfriendly act, and that policy in regard to Europe was to not interfere with the internal concerns of any of its powers.
What was The American System?
The American System was Henry Clay’s plan to create a home market for factory and farm production, raise the protective tariff, strengthen the national bank, and finance internal improvements.
What was the “Tariff of Abominations”?
The Quincy Adams administration supported a new tariff on imported goods in 1828. The Administration had to accept duties on other items to win support from middle and western states, which antagonized the original supporters of the bill.
How did voting rights change in the 1820s?
Until the 1820’s most states restricted coding to white male property owners, taxpayers, or both. New states adopted constitutions that guaranteed all adult white males the right to vote and permitted all voters the right to hold public office
Older states, concerned about the loss of their population to the West, began to drop or reduce their own property ownership or taxpaying requirements.
What was “Democracy in America”?
French aristocrat, Alexis de Tocqueville, wrote a classic study of American life. It examined the daily lives of groups of Americans: their cultures, associations, and visions of democracy; It recognized that traditional aristocracies were fading in America and that new elites could rise and fall no matter what their backgrounds; It helped spread the idea of American democracy into France and other European nations.
What was the spoils system?
The spoils system was Jackson’s process of giving out jobs as political rewards.
What was Jackson’s political philosophy?
Jackson was committed to extending power beyond entrenched elites, and it led him to want to reduce the functions of the federal government. He believed that a concentration of power in Washington would restrict opportunity to people with political connection. Jackson promoted an economic program to reduce the power of the national government.
What was the concept of nullification?
By the late 1820s, many had come to believe that the Tariff of 1816 was responsible for the stagnation of South Carolina’s economy. Some Carolinians were even ready to consider a secession. Calhoun proposed something different. He developed a theory that argued that because the federal government was a creation of the states, the states - not the courts or Congress - were the final arbiters of the constitutionality of federal laws. If a state concluded that Congress had passed an unconstitutional law, it could hold a special convention and declare the federal law null and void within the state. This Nullification Doctrine quickly attracted broad support in South Carolina.
