18: Tumor Immunology Flashcards
Tumor
Mass of cells that results from abnormal multiplication of host cells
Metastasis
Spreading of cancer cells through the lymph or bloodstream to distant parts of the body other than the original site
When a cell has become able to form a cancer, it is said to have undergone __________.
Malignant transformation
Proto-oncogenes
Genes that normally contribute positively to the initiation and execution of cell division
Oncogenes
Mutant forms of proto-oncogenes that contribute to malignant transformation
Mutagens
A chemical or physical agent that increases mutation rate
Cancer arises from ___________.
A single cell that has accumulated multiple mutations in genes that are involved in cell multiplication and cell survival
What are the two types of genes that can be mutated or mis-expressed to contribute to malignant transformation?
- Proto-oncogenes: normally function in initiation or execution of cell division
- .Tumor suppressor genes: normally function to prevent unwanted proliferation oc cells
How many mutations must a cell acquire for it to become a cancer cell?
5-6 ish mutations
What demographic does cancer affect most?
Elderly, because incidence of cancer increases with age
Any mutagen that increases the risk of cancer is known as _________.
A carcinogen
What kind of mutations do chemical carcinogens typically give rise to?
Single base change mutations
What typically induces more pronounced mutations such as DNA breaks, cross-linked nucleotides, and abnormal recombination?
Radiation
What is a carcinoma?
Cancer of epithelial cells
What is a sarcoma?
Cancer of cells other than epithelial cells