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Immunology Block 2 > 15: Manipulation of Immune Responses > Flashcards

15: Manipulation of Immune Responses Flashcards

1
Q

Variolation

A

Delivery of initial smallpox vaccine either intranasally or intradermally (via a scratch on the arm)

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2
Q

Vaccinia

A

Another name for the virus used to vaccinate against smallpox

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3
Q

Vaccination

A

Deliberate immunization that induces immune responses

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4
Q

Immunization

A

Deliverate provocation of an acquired immune response by introducing antigen into the body

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5
Q

By what methods are inactivated vaccines killed?

A

Chemical treatment, heat, or irradiation

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6
Q

What is an attenuated vaccine?

A

A vaccine that employs weakened pathogens as the immunogen so that the pathogen’s ability to cause disease is weakened or destroyed

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7
Q

What is a subunit vaccine?

A

A vaccine that employs only part of the pathogen as the vaccine immunogen

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8
Q

Toxoid

A

Inactivated toxin used as a vaccine immunogen whose toxic activity has been destroyed

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9
Q

How was the first completely effective vaccine formulated?

A
  1. Jenner noticed that cowpox produced effects that looked like a milder version of smallpox
  2. Cowpox was used as a vaccine for smallpox
  3. This induced antibodies against cowpox surface antigens, which could bind to and neutralize the smallpox virus too
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10
Q

Bacterial vaccines can be composed of __________.

A

Whole bacteria, secreted toxins, or polysaccharide capsule material

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11
Q

T or F: Most bacterial strains are attenuated.

A

F: Very few attenuated bacterial strains currently exist

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12
Q

What is the most widely used whole live bacterial vaccine?

A

BCG vaccine – derived from a bovine strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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13
Q

What type of vaccine is the DTP (diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis) vaccine?

A

Killed subunits/toxoids

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14
Q

What type of vaccine is the inactivated polio vaccine?

A

Whole killed virions

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15
Q

What type of vaccine is MMR (measles/mumps/rubella)?

A

Live attenuated virus

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16
Q

What type of vaccine is pneumococcal conjugate?

A

Heptavalent/diptheria

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17
Q

What type of vaccine is Haemophilus B conjugate?

A

Diptheria protein conjugate

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18
Q

What type of vaccine is the hepatitis B vaccine?

A

Subunit

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19
Q

What type of vaccine is the varicella vaccine?

A

Live attenuated

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20
Q

What type of vaccine is the rotavirus vaccine?

A

Live attenuated

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21
Q

What type of vaccine is the flu shot?

A

Killed or live attenuated

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22
Q

What type of vaccine is the meningococcus C vaccine?

A

Conjugated capsule subunit

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23
Q

What type of vaccine is the HPV vaccine?

A

Gardasil – virus-like particles

24
Q

T or F: Killed viruses elicit a large CD8 T cell response.

A

F: Attenuated viruses elicit a large CD8 T cell response, and killed viruses don’t

25
Q

What type of vaccine is the yellow fever vaccine?

A

Live attenuated virus

26
Q

What type of vaccine is the typhoid fever vaccine?

A

Vi polysaccharide subunit vaccines or live-attenuated oral vaccine

27
Q

What type of vaccine is the meningitis vaccine?

A

Purified capsular polysaccharide or H.influenzae polysaccharide conjugated to protein (depending on the strain)

28
Q

What type of vaccine is the bacterial pneumonia vaccine?

A

Purified capsular polysaccharide

29
Q

What type of vaccine are the cholera and plague vaccines?

A

Killed bacteria or cell extract

30
Q

What is unique about the Tuberculosis vaccine?

A

It is an attenuated vaccine, which is surprising since attenuated vaccines are typically for CD8 T cell response and TB mostly uses a TH1 immune response (to activate macrophages and form granulomas).

31
Q

What 6 characteristics are important for an effective vaccine?

A
  1. Safe
  2. Protective
  3. Gives sustained protection
  4. Induces neutralizing antibody
  5. Induces protective T cells
  6. Practical considerations (cost, side effects, administration)
32
Q

Why would you want a vaccine to induce neutralizing antibodies?

A

Some pathogens infect cells that cannot be replaced, and neutralizing antibodies prevent infection of such cells

33
Q

What is the goal of vaccination?

A

To trick the immune system to produce responses to a vaccine like it’s responding to a pathogen

34
Q

What are the 3 big factors that make creating an effective vaccine difficult?

A
  1. Route and amount of exposure
  2. Tolerance vs. responsiveness
  3. Identification of protective determinants
35
Q

T or F: Most anti-viral vaccines are live-attenuated vaccines.

A

T

36
Q

Production of strong immune responses to an antigen almost always requires that the antigen be mixed with ______ prior to administration.

A

An adjuvant

37
Q

Adjuvant

A

Any substance that enhances the immunogenicity of an antigen

38
Q

T or F: Parenteral immunization promotes strong systemic response, but it cannot prime mucosal responses.

A

T

39
Q

T or F: Mucosal immunization can produce strong mucosal response, but it cannot prime systemic responses.

A

F: Mucosal can elicit both mucosal and systemic responses

40
Q

What is the most effective parenteral route for eliciting immune response? Least effective?

A

Most effective: SubQ

Least effective: IV

41
Q

Antigen presentation to naive T cells must be accompanied by ______.

A

Co-stimulation

42
Q

T or F: Immune response to components of a pathogen does not ensure protective immunity.

A

T

43
Q

What are two broad classifications of vaccines?

A
  1. Whole pathogen viruses

2. Subunit vaccines

44
Q

What are subunit vaccines?

A
  • Individual or mixtures of pathogen-derived components
  • Recombinant forms of pathogen-derived components
  • Recombinant live vectors expressing components of a pathogen
45
Q

What does depot formation do?

A

Increases the length of exposure of the immune system to an antigen by releasing the antigen slowly over an extended period of time

46
Q

T or F: Often adjuvants turn a soluble protein antigen into a particulate antigen that is more readily ingested by antigen-presenting cells.

A

T

47
Q

What are some adjuvants that specifically elicit mucosal immune responses?

A

Cholera toxin, tetanus toxin, and E.coli lymphotoxin

48
Q

What is Freund’s adjuvant composed of?

A

Mineral oil (depot formation) and mycobacterial cell wall components (source of PAMPs for inflammation induction)

49
Q

What is a liposome?

A

Highly stable closed vesicle formed by a single bilayer of phospholipids

50
Q

What do ISCOMs do?

A

Deliver immunogens directly to the cytoplasm of host cells

51
Q

T or F: Attenuated vaccines are typically more effective than killed vaccines.

A

T

52
Q

What are 2 methods of attenuation?

A
  1. Grow human viral pathogen in cells of non-human origin

2. Mutate viruses using recombinant DNA (so that virulent genes can be deleted or mutated)

53
Q

How are DNA vaccines typically administered?

A

Intramuscularly or intranasally

54
Q

What is an example of a recombinant attenuated viral vaccine that is efficacious?

A

Rotovirus vaccine (Rotarix and Rotateq)

55
Q

How is rotovirus similar to influenza?

A
  1. Segmented genome

2. Antibody responses directed against surface proteins of the virus are protective via neutralization

56
Q

How can cytokine environment shape developing acquired immune responses?

A

Two types of effector CD4 T cells perform different roles in the development of acquired immunity

57
Q

T or F: Cytokines can be administered therapeutically to alter the outcome of an infection.

A

T (example: Leishmania and IL-4)

Immunology Block 2 (7 decks)

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