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History - The Cold War - Part 5 > 18 - The Extent Of Detente Up To 1979 > Flashcards

18 - The Extent Of Detente Up To 1979 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Detente

A

The process of easing tensions between the superpowers (particularly relating to the reduction of nuclear weapons)

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2
Q

What cooperation processes had occurred between the superpowers up to 1968?

A
  • Washington-Moscow Hotline
  • Moscow Test Ban Treaty
  • Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
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3
Q

What were the main 2 reasons why the US wanted detente?

A

1) Threat of nuclear war - feared destruction + other states becoming nuclear
2) Vietnam - defeat shocked them, they weren’t all-powerful

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4
Q

What were the main 3 reasons why the USSR wanted detente?

A

1) Threat of nuclear war - feared destruction + other states becoming nuclear
2) Economics - USSR was struggling to keep up with less money, particularly due to spending on defending satellite states (CZ)
3) Sino-Soviet split - poor relations with China pushed them towards better relations with US

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5
Q

When was SALT I?

A

Began in 1969 + signed in May 1972

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6
Q

What was SALT I?

A

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks I

Made up of 2 treaties that placed limits on 2 kinds of nuclear weapons

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7
Q

What was the result of SALT I?

A

Marked mutual acceptance of nuclear parity and a detente relationship between US + USSR - opening up future for an era of cooperation not confrontation

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8
Q

What 2 treaties was SALT I made up of?

A
  • Anti Ballistic Missile Treaty

- Interim Agreement on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms

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9
Q

When were the SALT I treaties signed?

A

26th May 1972

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10
Q

What did the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1972) do?

A
  • Limited US + USSR to each constructing 2 field of ABMs - no more than 100 ABMs per field.
  • One field could protect capital. One field could protect ICBM sites.
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11
Q

What was the effect of the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1972)?

A

Significantly contributed to reducing possibility of nuclear war, as slowed the race to develop nuclear weapons (ABMs specifically)

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12
Q

What did the Interim Agreement on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (1972) do?

A
  • Limited 3 types of missiles (ICBMs, SLBMs, strategic bombers) for 5 yrs.
    o ICBMs: US = 1054
    USSR = 1618
    o SLBMs: US = 656
    USSR = 740
    o Strategic bombers: US = 450
    USSR = 140
  • Placed no limitations on: cruise missile systems or newly developed MIRVs technology.
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13
Q

What were the 2 main issues with the Interim Agreement on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms?

A
  • Placed no limitations on: cruise missile systems or newly developed MIRVs technology.
  • Only lasted 5 yrs until 1977
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14
Q

What was the effect of the Interim Agreement on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms?

A

Significantly contributed to reducing possibility of nuclear war, as slowed the race to develop offensive nuclear weapons, instead accepting nuclear parity.

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15
Q

How many ICBMs was each country allowed after the first SALT talks?

A 
US = 1054
USSR = 1618
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16
Q

How many SLBMs was each country allowed after the first SALT talks?

A 
US = 656 
USSR = 740
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17
Q

How many strategic bombers was each country allowed after the first SALT talks?

A 
US = 450 
USSR = 140
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18
Q

When was The Moscow Summit?

A

May 1972

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19
Q

What did The Moscow Summit (1972) do?

A

Finalised the SALT I agreements + set out ‘The Basic Principles of Relations between the United States and the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics’.

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20
Q

What was ‘The Basic Principle on Relations’?

A

Non-legal guidelines for superpower relations agreed at the Moscow Summit (1972)

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21
Q

Give 2 examples of principles in ‘The Basic Principles of Relations’

A

Principle 1: Maintain peaceful coexistence, working on the principles of mutual advantage, sovereignty, equality + non-interference in internal affairs.

Principle 2: Avoid situations that would threaten peaceful coexistence, including military confrontations and nuclear war.

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22
Q

What was the effect of The Moscow Summit (1972)?

A
  • Solidified SALT I commitments
  • Acted as an informal mutual agreement to aspire for a relationship of peaceful coexistence between US + USSR in the coming years
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23
Q

When were the SALT II negotiations?

A

1972-1979

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24
Q

When was the SALT II treaty signed?

A

At the Vienna Summit in June 1979

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25
Q

What was SALT II?

A

Negotiations to create a lasting, wider-ranging agreement between the superpowers about the slowing of the Arms Race/restricting of nuclear development.

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26
Q

What were the terms of the SALT II treaty?

A
  • Overall reduction of strategic offensive arms to 2250 by Jan 1981.
  • Limits on MIRVs (on ICBMs, SLBMs + ASBMs) to 1200.
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27
Q

What was the first summit that was part of SALT II?

A

Vladivostok Summit (Nov 1974)

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28
Q

What happened at the Vladivostok Summit (1974)?

A
  • Ford + Brezhnev set out a 10yr plan framework for nuclear activity reduction.
  • Seen as preliminary move towards the SALT II treaty.
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29
Q

What were the 2 main reasons for delays in the SALT II negotiations?

A
  • Opposition by US gov officials

- Carter making a reduction plan that was too ambitious + pro-US

30
Q

Why did some US officials oppose Ford + Brezhnev’s start to SALT II at Vladivostok?

A
  • Saw US as disadvantaged (e.g. Secretary of Defence: Donald Rumsfeld).
  • Specific issues with the plan were raised (e.g. US thought limits on air-to-surface missiles should only apply to ballistic missiles, but USSR thought it should also apply to cruise missiles).
31
Q

When did Carter replace Ford as President of US?

A

Jan 1977

32
Q

Give an example of a term in Carter’s more ambitious arms reduction programme

A

Ban on testing + deployment of new ICBMs

33
Q

Why did Brezhnev reject Carter’s more ambitious arms reduction proposal?

A
  • Saw it as a unilateral decision made by Carter administration
  • Required USSR to reduce arms more than US (because USSR had more arms in categories where further reductions were proposed)
34
Q

What was the summit that concluded the SALT talks?

A

Vienna Summit (June 1979)

35
Q

Define Ostpolitik

A

The normalisation of relations between the FRG (West Germany) and Eastern Europe, specifically the GDR (East Germany).

36
Q

What was the change in policy taken by the FRG (West Germany) from 1969 onwards?

A

Hallstein Doctrine -> Ostpolitik

37
Q

Define the Hallstein Doctrine (1955)

A

West German policy that involved not recognising the existence of East Germany + not having diplomatic relations with any state who did (apart from USSR).

38
Q

Who became leader of FRG in Oct 1969?

A

Willy Brandt

39
Q

Why did Willy Brandt want to adopt the Ostpolitik policy?

A

To improve international relations throughout Europe

40
Q

What was the change in leadership of the GDR in May 1971?

A

Ulbricht (‘last Stalinist’) -> Honecker

41
Q

What was the 3 part process of installing Ostpolitik?

A
  • Treaty of Moscow (Aug 1970)
  • Treaty with Poland (Dec 1970)
  • ‘The Basic Treaty’ (21st Dec 1972)
42
Q

What was the Treaty of Moscow (Aug 1970)?

A

Part of the installation of Ostpolitik

  • Signed by: USSR + FRG
  • Non-aggression pact that mutually acknowledged post-WWII borders.
43
Q

What was the treaty with Poland (Dec 1970)?

A

Part of the installation of Ostpolitik

  • Signed by: Poland + FRG
  • Mutually acknowledged the post-WWII Oder-Neisse border.
44
Q

What was ‘The Basic Treaty’ (21st Dec 1972)?

A

Final part of the installation of Ostpolitik

  • Signed by: GDR + FRG
  • Both sides of Germany formally recognise each other with their current borders + agree to seek peaceful methods of conflict resolution in the future.
45
Q

What were the 3 main effects of Ostpolitik?

A
  • MAIN: Acted as an international encouragement of détente in Europe (+ rest of world).
  • Other European countries found it easier to establish good relations with GDR.
  • Both the FRG + GDR were members of the UN by end of Sept 1973.
46
Q

What was the CSCE?

A

Conference on Security + Cooperation in Europe

Discussions that ended with the Helsinki Accords

47
Q

When were the CSCE discussions?

A

1972-Aug 1975

48
Q

What were the Helsinki Accords (1975)?

A

The most wide-ranging detente agreement so far, with agreements divided into 3 main ‘baskets’

49
Q

When were the Helsinki Accords signed?

A

Aug 1975

At the last CSCE

50
Q

Who signed the Helsinki Accords (1975)?

A

35 states (including: US, USSR, all European countries apart from Albania)

51
Q

What 3 ‘baskets’ were the Helsinki Accords (1975) divided into?

A

1) Security in Europe
2) Cooperation in science, tech + environmental concerns
3) Cooperation in humanitarian + other fields

52
Q

Outline the ‘Security in Europe’ basket of the Helsinki Accords

A
  • Consisted of 10 principles to improve inter-state relations in Europe.
  • E.g. Respect for sovereignty. Peaceful settlement of disputes. Recognition of existing frontiers.
53
Q

Outline the ‘Cooperation in science, tech + environmental concerns’ basket of the Helsinki Accords

A
  • E.g. agreements on industrial trade + cooperation. Environmental policy.
54
Q

Outline the ‘Cooperation in humanitarian + other fields’ basket of the Helsinki Accords

A
  • E.g. agreements on cultural + educational exchange. Free people movement.
  • Most problematic part of the agreement.
55
Q

Which was the most problematic basket to agree on in the Helsinki Accords - give an example of how

A

‘Cooperation in humanitarian + other fields’ basket

E.g. Part of the basket was agreement on free movement of people.

  • USSR applied heavy taxes on emigrants to discourage emigration (didn’t properly allow freedom of movement).
  • USA passed the Jackson-Vanik amendment in retaliation (restricted US trade with countries that restricted emigration).
  • Caused the USSR to withdraw from trade agreements with the US.
56
Q

What was the Jackson-Vanik amendment?

A

Law passed by US in retaliation for USSR’s restrictions on emigration despite the 3rd basket of the Helsinki Accords

(Restricted US trade with countries that restricted emigration).

57
Q

What was the effect of the Helsinki Accords (1975)?

A

Solidified the Ostpolitik policy + worked towards détente in Europe.

58
Q

Which superpower was more accepting of detente in Europe?

A

USSR

59
Q

What 2 pieces of policy worked towards detente in Europe in the 1970s?

A
  • Ostpolitik

- Helsinki Accords

60
Q

Summarise the reaction of the USSR to detente in Europe

A
  • Agreed with Ostpolitik (wanting to expand it to include recognition of all post-war borders in Europe) + détente in Europe – saw this as acceptance of communist states in Europe (GDR) + therefore of the Soviet sphere
  • Agreed with détente in Europe – saw potential for improved trade + economic growth.
  • Less interested in agreements on human rights – preferred control over own domestic affairs (would implement this part of the accords as they liked).
61
Q

Summarise the reaction of the USA to detente in Europe

A

Less accepting of Ostpolitik + détente in Europe than the USSR were – feared that this meant a permanent acceptance of a communist GDR state + E.Europe subservient to the USSR

62
Q

Why did the USSR see Ostpolitik + detente in Europe as a good thing?

A

Saw this as acceptance of communism in Europe (acceptance of GDR) + therefore of the Soviet sphere of influence

63
Q

Did the Arms Race continue during the process of detente?

A

Yes to a lesser extent

64
Q

What 3 methods did the superpowers use which allowed them to continue the Arms Race during the process of detente?

A

1) Built up some additional nuclear force between agreement gaps (when there were no limits).
2) Built up conventional forces + nuclear weapons that were not restricted by agreements.
3) Deployed some nuclear weapons through allies (so it didn’t count towards their limit).

65
Q

Give an example of the superpowers getting around detente restrictions by building up nuclears between agreement gaps

A

SALT I only lasted 5 years (1972-1977).
Between 1977 and 1979 (when SALT II was agreed) both superpowers increased their nuclear force, taking advantage of the lack of restrictions

66
Q

Give an example of the superpowers getting around detente restrictions by building up conventional force + non-restricted nuclear weapons

A

Dec 1979
Carter convinced NATO members to…
- Increase their military expenditure by 3% (to expand conventional forces)
- Deploy cruise missiles in their European territories (nuclear weapons that hadn’t been restricted by an agreement).

67
Q

Give an example of the superpowers getting around detente restrictions by deploying some nuclear weapons through allies

A

USSR continued to deploy SS-20 missile systems through its Warsaw Pact allies

68
Q

To what extent was there detente by 1979?

A

Partial extent

69
Q

What are the 3 main arguments FOR there being detente by 1979?

A

There was a more cooperative superpower relationship…

  • Voiced aspiration for peaceful coexistence and cooperation between the US + USSR
    (Washington-Moscow Hotline 1963, Moscow Summit 1972)
  • Limited the extent of the Arms Race
    (Moscow Test Ban Treaty 1963, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 1968, SALT I 1972, SALT II 1979)
  • Oversaw détente in Europe
    (Ostpolitik, Helsinki Accords 1975)
70
Q

What are the 3 main arguments AGAINST there being detente by 1979?

A

The superpowers still weren’t 100% committed to detente

  • Didn’t completely end the Arms Race
    (Found ways to get around restrictions: built up between agreement gaps, built up conventional force/non-restricted nuclear weapons, used allies)
  • Still primarily acted out of self-interest without complete trust for the other superpower
    (Carter still tried to be more limiting towards USSR nuclears where he could, USSR likely so accepting of détente in Europe because they saw this as acceptance of communism + the Soviet sphere there)
  • Detente wasn’t long lasting
    (‘Second Cold War’ started in 1980s representing increased tensions)

History - The Cold War - Part 5 (2 decks)

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