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History - The Cold War - Part 5 > 17 - The US + SE Asia > Flashcards

17 - The US + SE Asia Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the situation in Vietnam at the end of 1972?

A
  • War continuing with US supporting S under Thieu

- Peace talks hadn’t been successful but agreed to resume in 1973

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2
Q

What outcome did Nixon + Kissinger want from peace talks by 1973?

A

‘Peace with honour’

More willing to make a settlement with the N.Vietnamese, as they clearly wouldn’t be able to defeat them militarily

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3
Q

Kissinger tried to get the PRC + USSR to encourage the Paris Peace Talks. What was their reaction?

A

Encouraged peace negotiations but DIDN’T pressurise

  • Wanted to keep good relations with US
  • Wanted N.Vietnamese to win if they could/get a communist settlement, rather than compromising a potential victory by negotiating too early
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4
Q

Why was the end of 1972/start of 1973 a good time to make a peace agreement?

A

N.Vietnamese in the lead in the war but clear neither side could achieve all they wanted through military victory

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5
Q

What issues slowed the final Paris Peace Talks of 1973?

A

Thieu

  • Determined not to agree to removal of US military
  • Determined not to agree to a non-communist Vietnam

Nixon

  • Wouldn’t take action until he won the Dec 1972 election
  • Made bad decision of Linebacker II during talks (international backlash)
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6
Q

When were the final Paris Peace Talks?

A

End of 1972-start of 1973

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7
Q

When was the Paris Peace Agreement ratified?

A

27th Jan 1973

Signed off by Nixon + Thieu - after pressure

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8
Q

When was the Paris Peace Agreement made?

A

Oct 1972

Informal, not ratified

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9
Q

What were the terms of the Paris Peace Agreement?

A
  • Ceasefire starting Jan 1973
  • Both sides keep areas occupied at time of ceasefire
  • US withdraw forces within 60 days + exchange POWs
  • Commission created to deal with: post war elections in S + potentially a reunification referendum
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10
Q

Was the Paris Peace Agreement (1973) successful? Why?

A

No
North took advantage of US withdrawal + took over the South to create a unified socialist Vietnam (not keeping to area at time of ceasefire + waiting for fair leadership and reunification elections)

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11
Q

Briefly outline how the N.Vietnamese won the war after the Paris Peace Agreement (Jan 1973)

A
  • US withdrew (by April 1973) + were distracted by the Watergate Scandal (early 1973)
  • N took advantage + escalated guerrilla attacks, sweeping south
  • US Congress refused to provide aid to help the S/ARVN, but did help with some evacuation (Operation Frequent Wind)
  • Thieu resigned under political pressure (21st April 1975)
  • The North captured Saigon (30th April 1975)
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12
Q

Why were the North’s guerrilla attacks so successful in 1973, allowing them to push south?

A
  • No US opposition

- The ARVN were weak + demoralised

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13
Q

When were the US military forces withdrawn from Vietnam

A

By April 1973

Only people left in Saigon were essential diplomats + small Air Force group

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14
Q

What aid request was refused by Congress?

A

April 1974

  • Thieu requested aid
  • Ford asked Congress for $722 mill military aid for S.Vietnam + $250 mill economic refugee aid
  • Congress refused
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15
Q

What was the Watergate Scandal?

A

Nixon + his administration orchestrated a break in to Democrat headquarters to try to find incriminating info (Jan 1973)

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16
Q

When was Nixon replaced by Ford?

A

Aug 1974

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17
Q

What was Operation Frequent Wind?

A

US attempts to evacuate US citizens + at risk Vietnamese as the N.Viets moved South towards Saigon, in case they were killed

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18
Q

Give an example of an Operation Frequent Wind evacuation

A

President of World Airways flew jumbo jet into Danang + evacuated 6,000 US + 100,000 Vietnamese and their next of kin

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19
Q

When and why did Thieu resign from South Vietnamese presidency?

A

21st April 1975

Resigned before being ousted or blamed for the South’s loss

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20
Q

When did Saigon fall, marking end of the Vietnam War?

A

30th April 1975

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21
Q

What new leadership had the US supported in Cambodia in 1970?

A

Lon Nol (pro-US)

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22
Q

How did the US provide their support for Lon Nol in Cambodia?

A
  • Initially: troops (20,000 in 1970)

- After Congress banned ground troops: bombing (430,000 tons)

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23
Q

Who opposed Lon Nol’s leadership in Cambodia?

A

Khmer Rouge - Cambodia’s Communist Party

Assisted by N.Vietnamese

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24
Q

Who was the Cambodian Civil War (1967-1975) between?

A
  • Lon Nol (supported by US)

- Khmer Rouge (supported by N.Vietnamese)

25
Q

When was the Cambodian Civil War?

A

1967-1975

26
Q

How many members were there of the Cambodian Army - Lon Nol’s side?

A

175,000

27
Q

How many members were there of the Khmer Rouge?

A

40,000

28
Q

What was an advantage of the Khmer Rouge over the Cambodian Army even though they were smaller in number?

A

Better trained + more determined with a unified ideology

29
Q

What effect did the US think that the Paris Peace Agreement (1973) would have on the Cambodian Civil War? What did it actually cause?

A

Expectation: US would stop bombing + N.Vietnamese would withdraw, causing the Cambodian Army to win.

Reality: Khmer Rouge intensified fighting, isolating Phnom Penh + gaining control.

30
Q

What did the Khmer Rouge do in April 1975 to take control of Cambodia?

A

Intensified fighting by isolating + capturing the capital (Phnom Penh)

31
Q

What did Lon Nol’s gov do in 1975 to try to stop the Khmer Rouge taking control of the capital?

A

Dug trenches around the city

32
Q

What US theory did the success of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia support?

A

Domino theory in Asia

Vietnam fall to communism had knock-on effect to Cambodia

33
Q

When were the Khmer Rouge in control of Cambodia?

A

1975-1979

34
Q

What was the period of Khmer Rouge control in Cambodia called?

A

The Khmer Rouge Revolution

35
Q

What was the aim of the Khmer Rouge Revolution?

A

Complete ruthless ideological cleansing to leave a new communist Cambodia based off of agriculture

36
Q

What were the consequences of the Khmer Rouge Revolution?

A
  • Cities emptied (forced into countryside for agriculture)
  • 1 mill Cambodians died in the genocide
  • Half population became refugees
37
Q

When did the Khmer Rouge Revolution end?

A

End of 1978-start of 1979

38
Q

What ended the Khmer Rouge Revolution?

A

Frontier disputes encouraged Vietnam (with Soviet aid) to invade Cambodia in Dec 1978

39
Q

What leadership was installed by the Vietnamese after the Khmer Rouge?

A

Heng Samrin (pro-Vietnam Cambodian)

40
Q

What were the consequences of the Vietnam War for the US?

A
  • Political downfall + failure of the containment policy
  • Economic cost
  • Social cost
41
Q

How did the Vietnam War cause US political downfall + failure of the containment policy?

A
  • Vietnam ‘fell’ to communism
  • Containment of communism in Asia had failed (ended SEATO)
  • Partial domino effect in Asia (Cambodia + Laos)
42
Q

Why were the US lucky regarding the Vietnam War + the domino effect?

A

The whole of SE Asia didn’t fall to communism (only Cambodia + Laos)

43
Q

What organisation was disbanded in 1976 after the Vietnam War? Why?

A

SEATO

Purpose to defend SE Asia against communism had failed

44
Q

What economic cost did the Vietnam War have for the US?

A
  • Direct cost $167 billion

- Limited funding to make domestic reforms (‘Great Society’)

45
Q

What was Johnson’s ‘Great Society’?

A

Johnson’s aim to reduce crime, end poverty, end inequality, improve environment

46
Q

What social cost did the Vietnam War have for the US?

A
  • 58,000 died (4th greatest in US war)
  • 2.7 mill served + exposed to war traumas (9% population)
  • Social divisions caused during + after war
47
Q

What social divisions were caused in the US during the Vietnam War?

A

Anti-war movements (particularly after Tet Offensive of ‘68) divided the country

48
Q

What social divisions were caused in the US after the Vietnam War?

A
  • Veterans often isolated + criticised (particularly by peace movement)
  • Divided opinion on deserters + draft-dodgers (despite Carter giving them amnesty in 1977)
49
Q

Define draft dodgers

A

People who tried to evade the draft

Approx 100,000 people left US - many to Canada

50
Q

What were the consequences of the Vietnam War for Vietnam?

A
  • ‘Socialist Republic of Vietnam’ (socialist, unified state)
  • Centrally planned economy
  • Joined COMECON (1978)
  • Economic costs
  • Social costs
  • Environmental costs
51
Q

What were the social costs of the Vietnam War for Vietnam?

A
  • Huge casualties (estimates vary)
  • Montagnards (hill people living on division) lost nearly 1/5 of population + 85% relocated due to land destruction
  • Emigration of 1.5 mill ‘boat people’ who were displaced
52
Q

What is the Vietnamese gov’s estimate for Vietnamese casualties from the Vietnam War?

A

VC: 1.1 mill
ARVN: 100,000 -> 300,000
Civilians: 250,000

53
Q

What were the economic costs of the Vietnam War for Vietnam?

A
  • Cost of infrastructure
  • Farming struggled due to chemical poisoning + land destruction
  • Unsuccessful collectivisation in centrally planned economy
  • Trade embargo with West until 1994
54
Q

What were the environmental costs of the Vietnam War for Vietnam?

A
  • Built environment destruction
    (650,000 tons bombs on N + 700,000 tons bombs on S)
  • Physical environment destruction
    (By Agent Orange + napalm)
55
Q

Give a brief summary of Vietnam today

A
  • Relatively stable socialist republic gov

- Recently embraced a more capitalist economic programme + seen industrialisation and infrastructure improvements

56
Q

How did the Vietnam War affect US-Vietnam relations?

A

Initially: worsened, e.g. trade embargo. (Diff ideologies)

20 yrs later US offered diplomatic recognition to Vietnam

57
Q

How did the Vietnam War affect USSR-Vietnam relations?

A

Positively, e.g. USSR gave $3bill aid/yr (same ideology)

58
Q

How did the Vietnam War affect China-Vietnam relations?

A

Strained (both sought to establish influence in Cambodia)

History - The Cold War - Part 5 (2 decks)

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