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PMCOL 371 > 18 - Glial Cells > Flashcards

18 - Glial Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of glial cell?

A

Astrocytes

Oligodendrocytes

Microglial cells

(oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (precursor for oligodendrocytes))

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2
Q

During disease how are glial cells altered?

A

Positive alterations: eg gain of function

Negative: Loss of function

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3
Q

Astrocytes are uniquely positioned to support and influence the ___

A

Astrocytes are uniquely positioned to support and influence the synapse

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4
Q

Astrocytes make extensive contacts with multiple ____

A

Astrocytes make extensive contacts with multiple dendrites

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5
Q

Oligodendrocytes are the ____ cell of the CNS

Produce ____ wrapping substance

A

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cell of the CNS

Produce lipid-rich wrapping substance

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6
Q

Astrocyte fine processes interact with ____

A

Astrocyte fine processes interact with synapses

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7
Q

A single astrocyte has innumerable ____ that fill up a ____ in the brain

A

A single astrocyte has innumerable *fine processes *that fill up a spherical domain in the brain

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8
Q

Astrocytes lack:

A

long processes that project to distant locations

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9
Q

At the EM level astrocyte processes wrap

A

all synapses

-important in regulation of synaptic function

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10
Q

Astrocytes at the synapses can sense ____ (and ____); important for getting rid of

A

Astrocytes at the synapses can sense glutamate and neuronal activity; important for getting rid of glutamate

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11
Q

Astrocytes are rich with the glutamate transporter ____

A

Astrocytes are rich with the glutamate transporter GLT-1

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12
Q

What happens when GLT-1 is put into a HEK cell (with patch clamping)

A

GLT-1 brings in glutamate as well as ions

GLT-1 in hek cell → can see that cells respond electrophysiologically based on level of glutamate

→ suggests that astrocytes sense glutamate

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13
Q

Glutamate is ____ through astrocyte using the ____ transporter. Which can regulate:

A

Glutamate is recycled through astrocyte using the GLT-1 transporter.

Glutamate reuptake can regulate firing

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14
Q

____ inhibits Glutamate reuptake transporters (eg Glt-1)

A

PDC inhibits Glutamate reuptake transporters (eg Glt-1)

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15
Q

What effect does PDC have on the granule cell?

A

Prolonged spiking in granule cell in response to mossy fibre input

recall: PDC inhibits glutamate reuptake which can regulate firing

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16
Q

Astrocytes express ____ receptors

A

Astrocytes express glutamate (NMDA/AMPA etc) and kainic acid receptors

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17
Q

____ is a metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist

A

MCPG is a metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist

18
Q

When we stimulate Schaffer collateral (within hypothalamus) how does the astrocyte respond?

A

Ca++ changes within the astrocyte

astrocytes are responding to local neuronal activity

19
Q

Stimulated Schaffer Collateral:

Spikes are ____

With ____ (antagonist to metabotropic Glutamate receptors)

Suggest glutamate receptors are important for regulating ____ in response to ____

From an image

A

Stimulated Schaffer Collateral:

Spikes are rises in Ca++ levels within astrocyte

With MCPG (antagonist to metabotropic Glutamate receptors)

Suggest glutamate receptors are important for regulating calcium levels in response to neuronal activity

20
Q

What co-agonists are required for NMDA receptor activity?

A

Glycine/D-Serine

21
Q

What happens if you clamp down Ca++ in astrocytes and then apply stimulation

A

You won’t get LTP

Astrocytes are responding to activity and releasing D-Serine (necessary for NMDA receptor activity which triggers LTP)

For LTP to occur must have astrocytes present and the capacity to respond to neuronal activity

22
Q

Astrocyte Summary:

Neuronal synapses and somas are wrapped in ____

Astrocytes uptake and recycle ____

Glutamate uptake can shape ____

Astrocytes are excitable during neuronal activity - measured by ____

Astrocytes Ca is necessary for LTP through the release of ____

A

Astrocyte Summary:

Neuronal synapses and somas are wrapped in* astrocyte processes*

Astrocytes uptake and recycle glutamate

Glutamate uptake can shape* neuronal excitability*

Astrocytes are excitable during neuronal activity - measured by intracellular Ca

Astrocytes Ca is necessary for LTP through the release of D-Serine

23
Q

OPCs are located throughout the ____

A

OPCs are located throughout the CNS

24
Q

WHAT DO OPCs do that oligodendrocytes don’t?

A

OPCs synapse with neurons

25
Q

OPCs synapse with neurons

How do we know?

A
  • Stimulate schaffer collateral
  • measure putative OPC
  • induse biocytin (dye) with patch clamp
  • Evoked response happened in OPC
26
Q

Morphology of OPC in the image is similar to a ____

A

Synapse

OPC’s synapse with neurons - presumably a way to monitor neuronal activate

27
Q

Myelin increases the ____ of the membrane and decrease the ____

A

Myelin increases the resistance of the membrane and decrease the capacitance

  • prevents charges from leaving the axon
28
Q

Myelin can detect ____

A

Myelin can detect axonal activity

29
Q

NMDA receptors regulate ____ in oligodendrocytes

A

NMDA receptors regulate glucose import/energy metabolism in oligodendrocytes

30
Q

Removing NMDA receptor (NR1) from oligodendrocytes and OPCs leads to:

A

Less glucose within the oligodendrocyte

  • axons fatigue faster (lower amplitude) and recover slower
31
Q

OPC/Oligodendrocyte Summary:

  • ____ make oligodendrocytes but likely have several other roles
  • OPCs monitor ____ activity through ____
  • Myelin speeds ____
  • Myelin/oligodendrocytes monitor ____, couple ____ and transmit ____to axons
A

OPC/Oligodendrocyte Summary:

  • OPCs make oligodendrocytes but likely have several other roles
  • OPCs monitor axonal activity through OPC synapses
  • Myelin speeds axonal conduction
  • Myelin/oligodendrocytes monitor axonal activity, couple axonal activity to glucose import and transmit nutrients to axons
32
Q

Microglia respond to and sense their ___

A

Microglia respond to and sense their environment

33
Q

Microglial contribute to ____ during critical window

A

Microglial contribute to synaptic pruning during critical window

34
Q

Synaptic pruning by microglia is ____ dependent

A

Synaptic pruning by microglia is activity dependent

35
Q

Microglia monitor extracellular ____ (ie ____)

A

Microglia monitor extracellular potassium (ie neuronal activity)

36
Q

Blocking the 2 pore K+ channel in microglia will reduce the ____

A

Blocking the 2 pore K+ channel in microglia will reduce the current of ATP

Suggests that ATP causes local K+ changes inside microglia

37
Q

Microglia are responsive to extracellular ____

A

Microglia are responsive to extracellular potassium levels

38
Q

Monitoring of potassium is likely a mechanism for microglia to sense the overall ____

A

Monitoring of potassium is likely a mechanism for microglia to sense the overall neuronal activity

39
Q

microglial knockout mice are much more susceptible to ____ when stimulated with kainate

A

microglial knockout mice are much more susceptible to seizures when stimulated with kainate

40
Q

What is causing suppression of neuronal activity in microglial

A

neuronal activity → ATP → broken down into adenosine by microglia → adenosine suppresses activity

PMCOL 371 (18 decks)

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