1.8 genomic sequencing Flashcards
What is genomic sequencing?
-the sequence of nucleotide bases is determined for individual genes or entire genomes.
How can computer programs be used to identify base sequences?
by looking for sequences similar to known genes
How can we compare sequence data?
computer and statistical analysis are required
-these techniques are known as bioinformatics
Explain our knowledge of sequenced genomes
many genomes have been sequenced
-particularly of disease causing organisms, pest species and species that are important model organisms for research
What is phylogenetics?
the study of evolutionary history and relationships
What is sequence data?
amino acid sequences for an individual protein
What can sequence data be used for?
it can be used to study the evolutionary relatedness among groups of organisms
What data is needed for a molecular clock?
- sequence divergence
- fossil record
What assumption are molecular clocks based on?
that there is a constant mutation rate
what data is needed for a phylogenetic tree?
- sequence data results
- fossil evidence
What are the 3 domains of life?
- bacteria
- archaea
- eukarya
What is the main sequence of events in the evolution of life?
- cells
- existence of last universal ancestor
- prokaryotes
- photosynthetic organisms
- eukaryotes
- multicellular organisms
- animals
- vertebrates
- land plants
What data is used to determine the main sequence of events in the evolution of life?
- sequence data
- fossil evidence
What does comparison of genomes from difference species show?
that many genes are highly conserved across different organisms
What could analysis of an individual’s genome lead to?
personalised medicine
What is pharmacogenetics?
-the use of genome information in the choice of drugs
What is the advantage of pharmacogenetics?
- maximise the benefits of the treatment
- by identification of the group the drug would be most beneficial for
What can sequence divergence be used for?
to estimate the time since lineages diverged
What shows evidence of the three domains of life?
comparison of sequences
What does a molecular clock show?
when species diverged during evolution
- show differences in DNA sequences or amino acids sequences
- therefore differences in sequence data between species indicate the time of divergence from a common ancestor
What can analysis of a human’s genome show?
it can predict the likelihood of developing certain diseases
What is personalised medicine?
an individual’s personal genome sequence is used to select the more effective drugs and doses to treat their disease
