18) Classification & Biodiversity Flashcards
1
Q
biological species concept
A
- species is defined as a group of individuals that interbreed to produce fertile offspring
- not reproductively isolated
2
Q
morphological species concept
A
classifies species by their morphological similarities (how they look)
3
Q
ecological species concept
A
species is a group of organisms that are adapted to a particular niche in an ecosystem
- niches/diets/habitats
4
Q
list the levels of classification in order
A
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
5
Q
how are viruses classified
A
- have RNA or DNA
- single/double stranded nucleic acid
6
Q
definition of ecosystem
A
- community of different organisms and their interactions
- with the abiotic & biotic environment
7
Q
definition of niche
A
function of a species within its ecosystem/habitat
8
Q
definition of biodiversity
A
variation of living organisms
9
Q
how can random sampling be used to asses abundance of a species
A
- study area divided into a grid
- random number generator used to obtain coordinates
- frame quadrats placed coordinates
- abundance of species within the quadrat is recorded
10
Q
how can abundance of a species within a quadrat be estimated
A
- no. of organisms within the quadrat is counted
- percentage cover can be estimated
11
Q
why would you use transects over random sampling ?
A
to measure change in abundance and distribution of species across a habitat rather than within the habitat only
12
Q
how can belt transect (systematic sampling) be used to assess abundance
A
13
Q
difference between line transect and belt transect
A
- line transect : all organisms touching line recorded
- belt transect : only organisms in frame quadrat at each interval recorded
14
Q
method used to investigate populations of motile organisms
A
mark-release-capture method
15
Q
outline the mark-release-capture method
A
- group of organisms caught, counted, and marked
- marked organisms released back into habitat
- after a period of time, organisms captured again
- proportion of marked to unmarked in captured group is assumed to be same for whole population
estimated population size = (no. of individuals in 1st sample x no. of individuals in 2nd sample) / no. of marked individuals in 2nd sample
16
Q
what does a high simpsons index value indicate
A
a lot of diversity
17
Q
threats to biodiversity in ecosystems
A
- pollution
- climate change
- deforestation
- hunting by humans
- destruction of habitats
- introduction of new species
18
Q
methods of protecting endangered animals
A
- zoos
- national parks
- frozen zoos
- seed banks
19
Q
methods of protecting endangered plants
A
- botanical garden
- seed banks
20
Q
methods of assisted reproduction for conservation efforts
A
- IVF (in vitro fertilisation)
- embryo transfer
- surrogacy
21
Q
what effects can an alien species have on a habitat
A
- new competitor for resources
- can cause extinction
- may be predators of native species
- may bring new diseases into habitat
- reduces biodiversity
- disrupts food chain/web
22
Q
role of CITES
A
- trade ban (if species in danger of extinction)
- permit required (if species not yet at risk)
- border control
- provides list of species that are endangered to countries
23
Q
role of IUCN
A
- international authority
- rank species threat level
- Red List of threatened species
- advice countries/govs
- educate/raise awareness
- promote sustainable use of natural resources
24
Q
why is it important to maintain biodiversity [7]
A
- named food
- named medicine
- wood fibre
- genetic variety
- scientific research
- aesthetic/tourism
- maintain stability of food chains
- protection against soil erosion/flooding
- climate stability
25
3 assumptions that must be made for the mark-release-recapture method to be
valid
- marking not harmful
- constant population size
- no births/deaths/migration
- sufficient time for marked individuals to mix with the rest of the population
- they should be mobile
26
why can a species become endangered
- loss of habitat
- hunting
- climate change
- predation
- competition for resources
- new disease
- pollution
27
Outline the characteristic features of the kingdom Animalia
- eukarya
- multicellular
- specialised cells
- motile
- nervous system
- heterotrophic
28
3 levels at which biodiversity can be measured
- genetic variation within species
- number/range of ecosystems
- no. of species and their relative abundance (% cover)
29
outline the process of IVF
- (females) given hormones/FSH to stimulate superovulation
- ova / oocyte collection / harvesting
- sperm added to ova / oocytes (fertilisation)
- sperm from genetically distant male
- embryos selected
- embryo placed into uterus
- some embryos can be frozen
30
features of Fungi Kingdom
- domain : Eukarya
- chitin cell wall
- hyphae
- heterotrophic
- reproduce by spores
- many nuclei per cell
31
features of Protoctista Kingdom
- domain : eukarya
- autotrophic
- cellulose cell wall
- not motile
- multicellular
- (aquatic?)
32
why should endangered species (lichens) be conserved
- role in food web
- provide shelter/camoflage
- clean the air
- may have medical use
- soil formation
- ethical/aesthetic reasons
- maintain genetic diversity
33
suggest why measuring the relative abundance of the two types of lichen gives
information that is useful for conservation
- measures air quality / pollution
- other species may be harmed by sulfur dioxide / acid rain / decrease in lichen
- food web / species that feed on lichens
34
Suggest problems that may affect the success of captive breeding programmes of
mammals
- stress (in captivity)
- reproductive cycle disrupted
- may reject mate / refuse to breed / do not have correct (courtship) behaviour
- lack of suitable mates
- enclosure too small / not natural environment
- expensive
- inbreeding (can get wild-life ones to reduce this and increase genetic diversity)
35
features of Bacteria Domain
- prokaryote
- circular DNA
- no histones
- cell walls in all
- peptidoglycan cell wall
- 70S ribosomes only
- divide by binary fission
- cell membrane has ester-linked lipids
36
features of Eukarya Domain
- linear DNA
- histones
- cell walls only in some
- cellulose/chitin cell walls
- 80S (& 70S) ribosomes
- divide by mitosis
37
why more fish species than mammal species are endangered
- overfishing
- difficult to enforce laws on water
- trophy hunting
- climate change/pollution
- more conservation projects for mammals
- laws in place banning hunting for mammals
38
role of zoos in conserving species
- protected from predators/hunters
- research qualified
- raise funds
- work w local gov/conservation projects
- education/raise awareness
- medical healthcare
- captive breeding
- assisted reproduction
39
features of Animalia Kingdom
- eukarya
- multicellular
- no cell walls
- no chloroplasts
- heterotroph
- nervous system
- motile
- no permanent vacuole
- glycogen
40
features of Plantae Kingdom
- cellulose cell walls
- chloroplasts
- autotroph
- no nervous system
- immotile
- permanent vacuole
- starch
41
why low genetic variation may decrease the long-term survival of a species
- less able to adapt / evolve
- little variation for selection to act on
- few(er) useful / beneficial alleles
- all / most, (could be) killed by same disease / selection pressure
- if due to small population size this decreases species survival chance
42
process of embryo transfer
- mating / IVF / (super-ovulate female plus) AI
- remove embryo (from, mated / artificially inseminated, female)
- check / select, healthy / normal / best, embryos
- may freeze embryos for, storage / later use
- implant embryos in (different female) uterus
- ref. surrogate (mother)
- ref. (named female reproductive) hormone(s
43
when is morphological species more useful than biological
- for organisms that do not breed sexually
- for extinct/fossil
- morphological differences easier to determine/reproductive behaviour difficult to observe
- time for mating behaviour may be too long
44
features of Archaea Domain
- prokaryote
- circular DNA
- 70S ribosomes
- divide by binary fission
- ether-linked lipids in cell membrane
- DNA associated histones
- cell wall does not have peptidoglycan
45
list ways in which members of a species are similar
- morphologically
- physiologically
- biochemically
- genetically
- ecologically / occupy same niche
- behaviourally
- can (inter)breed to form fertile offspring
- reproductively isolated (from other species)
- share a recent common ancestor
46
classification of species into a taxonomic hierarchy
- records biodiversity
- so conservation decisions can be made
- shows evolutionary relationships
- shows how closely related / common ancestor of species
- internationally recognised/standardised
47
Explain how the introduction of crops that are genetically modified to express the Bt toxin
can benefit biodiversity
- Bt toxin only kills, specific insects / insects that feed on the crops
- reduces use of insecticides / pesticides
- idea that insects survive to pollinate plant
48
investigation to see if they are the same species
- mate together
- see if offspring can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
- bioinformatics investigation
49
Outline how an ecological survey can measure the biodiversity of a terrestrial habitat
1 use random sampling (technique) ;
2 repeat and find mean / multiply estimates up for whole area ;
3 (frame) quadrats to measure, plants / vegetation / stationary organisms ;
4 detail of using quadrat ;
5 mark-release-recapture for (named) animals ;
6 detail of, trapping / marking, (named) animals ;
7 calculate / use, Simpson’s index (of diversity) ;
8 species richness and, (relative) abundance
50
factors that need to be considered by organisations to successfully reintroduce
and restore a breeding population
1 obtain, healthy / fertile / wild-caught / captive bred, (founder) animals ;
2 ref. to genetic, variation / diversity / testing ;
3 (consider if), sufficient / suitable, habitat / area, available ;
4 (consider if) sufficient, prey / food, available ;
5 public safety advice / education ;
6 (organise) compensation for farmers who lose livestock ;
7 outlaw, killing / disturbing, lynx ;
8 (plan to) monitor, lynx / other animal / prey, populations ;
9 (plan to) cull / control / use contraceptives, if population, grows too much
51
difference between heterotrophs & autotrophs
autotrophs - producers (can make their own food : plants, algae, some bacteria)
heterotrophs - consumers (consume producers/other consumers : fish, dogs, humans)
