18-19 Flashcards
what were the last 2 states entered into the us, what date?
1959
february 1959 alaska
august 1959 hawaii
who is j edgar hoover ?
head of the FBI in the 1950s
believed that 1/3 of the worlds population was part of a great communist conspiracy
one of the most powerful men in us history
his name struck fear in many people
suburbia
loss individuality traffic jams close proximity cookie cutter existence 1st suburbia in new jersey
serviceman’s readjustment act
aka GI bill, it provided- money given to go to college, get preference for civil service jobs
baby boom
demographics, study of population
1946-1965, fueled economy, 1950-1.5 million people we’re born
the phenomenal birth growth in the united states during the 1950s and 1960s is referred to as the
baby boom
white collar workers
pros/cons
pros-pension plan, medical insurance, performance bonus, expense account, paid vacation, company car
cons-the company ruled you, controlled what you thought and wore
operation paperclip
purpose was to get nazi scientists, us took a lot of paper work, tried to entice scientists to work for us
fidel castro
communist ruler in cuba
came to power in the 1960s
1952 elections problems and concerns
concerns-hot war(asia), cold war(rest of war), fear of communism
problems-korea=stalemate, inflation, china is lost to communism, corruption in washington
adlai stevenson
ran for president in the 1952 election against eisenhower, lost, democrat, ran one of the most eloquent campaigns in history
dwight d. eisenhower
34th president,
born in 1890 in denison, tennessee, eisenhower=iron axe,
educated at west point,
was a career soldier, author, and president of columbia university,
served in wwi and wwii,
was supreme commander of NATO forces in 1950s
what is eisenhowers wife’s name
mamie
what did eisenhower do as president
developed department of health, eisenhower doctrine, brown vs. board, little rock desegregation, explorer 1, nasa formed, alaska and hawaii became states
gary powers
flew the plane over soviet area to spy, was sentenced to 10 year but got off on 2 due to prisoner trade
what is mike
mike is the hydrogen bomb dropped on bikini island
it is 1,000x stronger than little boy
what is sputnik
first satellite launched into space by the ussr
it causes new fear and switched arms race into high gear
explorer 1
first us satellite launched into space
1958
operation mongoose
cia action, objective was to get rid of castro, interrupt trade(hurt economy), raids by exiles, assassination plot
cuban missile crisis
us sends u2 spy plane which sends back pictures, they find nuclear weapons near havana, it was called this because of jfk
at the end we promised to never attack cuba as long as ussr removed missiles
John F Kennedy
president during bay of pigs and cuban missile crisis
bikini island
where the us tested mike
Pactomania
SEATO
Mutual defense treaty
Baghdad pact
What was the reason for all the pactomania treaties?
Fear of all Asia falling to communism
SEATO (pactomania)
Like NATO but in the pacific, 1954-77, us, France, New Zealand, Australia, Philippines, Great Britain, Thailand,
Who was under special protection in SEATO
South Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos
Who came up with pactomania?
John foster dulles
Mutual defense treaty (pactomania)
1954, protection of Taiwan from communist China
Baghdad pact
1955, aka meto, Great Britain, turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, this occurs because of oil in Middle East, the us does not join because they want to avoid provoking soviets
Foreign affairs late 1950’s
Complex world problems had developed
Eastern Europe, Middle East, china, ussr, Latin America,
Foreign affairs late 1950’s Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe-east Berlin: worker strike, shut down by soviets; Hungary: mad the communists are there so the protest and soviets shut it down
Foreign affairs late 1950’s Middle East
Middle East- Nasser(Egypt): anti-west feelings, arms deal with ussr, attack on Israel(Israelites win)
Foreign affairs late 1950’s china
China- main land china shells nationalist Chinese islands(1958), us sends seventh fleet
Foreign affairs late 1950’s ussr
1958- ussr warns us to leave Berlin
Foreign affairs late 1950’s Latin America
Latin America- Monroe doctrine: west world stands together; often assisted oppressive governments, Castro comes to power in cuba(1958) bye bye us factories
Bay of pigs
La brigade-exiled rebels from Cuba, wanted to kill Castro with us help, ships sink, disaster arises, JFK calls off air support, shows us in bad light
Why did Americans have anti communist feelings?
Because they would sweep away the freedom Americans enjoyed, and they use fear in communist countries to enforce rules
Highway system
Created new toll roads made in the 50’s
They roads were made because people lived farther away from their jobs and had to commute
What did the Eisenhower doctrine do? Who did it help?
Under the doctrine a country in the Middle East resisting communism could request economic and/or military aid
Middle eastern countries
Causes of the second red scare
Spread of communism in china
The atomic bomb development in ussr
Use of fear in communist countries
Jospeh McCarthy
Led the red scare charge, republican senator from Wisconsin, he became strongest political power in the country; other than major party leaders, accused democrats of “20 years of treason”, Eisenhower issued a “security order”, McCarthy forced the removal of “communist books” from us libraries,
1954: accused secretary of army of espionage, accused general Z Wicker of shielding communists, army-McCarthy hearing was televised and he showed himself to be rude and a bully, in December of 1954 he was condemned by the senate
Richard M. Nixon
Representative from California, member of HUAC, surrounded by emotional, vindictive, and racist people
HUAC
House Un-American activities committee
1. Before WWII explored communist influence and new deal
2. After WWII publicly probed the Truman administration
In charge of investigating organizations that were a threat to American security
Whittaker Chambers
Time magazine senior editor, had been a communist, told Nixon about Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss
Accused of being a communist spy and communist operative, had influential jobs in society and government, went to yalta with FDR, discredited by Nixon during interrogation, 1950-2 counts of perjury-5 years
Pumpkin papers
Chambers, pumpkin patch, investigators, microfilm with alleged secret state department documents, linked to Hiss
Harry s. Truman
Suspicion and dislike of communists,
1947-creates the federal employee loyalty program, slightest suspicions could put workers out of a job
1947-51”loyalty board”, many released, no positive proof ever found
McCarran act(1950)
Illegal for American citizens to engage in activities that would creat a communist government,communists had to register with federal government, communist could not work in defense plans, or obtain a us pass port
Truman vetoed but congress overrode
Klaus Fuchs
British scientist, admitted to giving specifications for atomic bomb to soviets, indicated Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were involved
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
Charged with conspiracy for giving away bomb secrets, Ethel’s brother who worked on the Manhattan project, project accused the pair of recruiting him to collect info, found guilty, executed, maintain their innocence to the end, recently released of soviet documents seem to confirm their guilt
Hollywood 10
Assault on the film industry (new idea of film noir may have had something to do with the attack) “committee for the First Amendment”(CFA); many actors and actresses actresses including: Humphrey Bogart, Lauren Bacall and Gene Kelly, All ten said that the first amendment gave them the right not to say anything, many in Hollywood blacklisted (324 were fired from major studios)
How did most legal Soviet agents collect information?
Newspapers and other public documents
What purpose did the Hotel Taft serve during the Cold War?
Housing for illegal Soviet agents in New York
